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What is an active site?
A location on the enzyme where the enzyme and substrate bind
What is activation energy?
Minimum energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur
What is a substrate?
The molecule that fits in the active site, the reactant
How can denaturation happen?
Change in temperature, pH, salt concentration
What does the enzyme do to the activation energy?
The enzyme lowers the activation energy so that the reaction can be sped up
What does the competitive inhibitor do?
It blocks the active site and does not let substrate in, it therefore stops the enzyme from working
What does the non competitive inhibitor do?
It attaches to another part of the enzyme altering the shape of the active site and not letting the substrate fit in
What is the location where the non competitive inhibitor attaches itself is called?
Allosteric site
What is a catalyst?
A molecule that speeds up (causes) a reaction
Can catalysts be reused?
Yes
What do names of enzymes end with?
-ase
Induced fit
a way in which an enzyme can make the substrate fit even better
Cofactors/Coenzymes
Sit in active site, help the substrate fit into the enzyme
Feedback Inhibition
An enzyme from a biological pathway produces a lot of products that become inhibitors of another enzyme, therefore making it stop working, and stopping the entire biological pathway from working
What happens in a reaction?
atoms rearrange
Why is an enzyme specific?
It speeds up a particular chemical reaction
Do allosteric inhibitors change the shape of an enzyme?
Yes
When all substrates are used the reaction stops
Yes
What is the difference between studying “anatomy” and studying “physiology”?
Anatomy is the study of the forms of organisms' structures, and Physiology is the study of those structures' functions.
What kinds of tissues are bone, blood, and cartilage?
Connective Tissues
What are the 4 steps of food processing? What do they do?
Ingestion = gets food in digestive system
Digestion = breaks down food to digest:
Absorption = the digested food gets into blood stream
Elimination = expelling left overs: everything that didn’t get absorbed
What are the organs of the digestive system in order?
Oral Cavity (mouth)
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Bladder
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Cecum
Large Intestine
Anus
What is the Alimentary Canal?
All the organs through which food passes to be digested
What are the Accessory Organs?
Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Salivary Glands
What happens in the mouth?
Food is ingested through the mouth
Chemical Digestion begins as Salivary Amylase begins to break down starches into sugar monomers to be absorbed better later.
Mechanical Digestion also happens as we chew, grind up the food with teeth.
What happens in the pharynx?
Swallowing Reflex has us move food from pharynx to esophagus.
Epiglottis prevents food from going into the wind pipe.
What is bolus?
Mechanically digested, chewed up food.
What is peristalsis?
Moving food from esophagus to stomach by smooth muscle contraction.
What does the Esophagus do?
Moves food to stomach through persistalsis
What happens in Stomach?
Pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Stomach mixes with gastric juice
Lined with Mucus that prevents us from feeling the acidic liquid in stomach
What does the Liver produce?
Bile
What happens in Small Intestine?
Enzymes from Accessory Organs are transferred to small intestine to help reactions
Absorption happens: nutrients get absorbed to bloodstream with help from villi that enlarge the surface through which the nutrients get absorbed.
What are Villi?
Finger-like projections on the surface of the small intestine that make the surface through which the nutrients get absorbed.
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
What does Bile do? IT IS NOT AN ENZYME!!!!
Emulsifies fats, converts fat globules into fat droplets
What does the Pancreas do?
Produces dozens of enzymes that get transferred and used in small intestine.
Which type of tissues are made up of scattered cells?
Connective Tissues
What are Muscle Tissues for?
Movement, whether Voluntary or Involuntary
What is chyme?
The chewed up food, after it has reached the stomach
What does Epithelial Tissue do?
Lines the inside of the organs
What do the Villi do?
They increase the space through which the nutrients can be absorbed to the bloodstream, therefore helping the absorption happen faster
What happens if the enzyme does not have its 3D shape?
The substrate can no longer bind to it, as the active site is not shaped perfectly to the substrate
What does Catalase break down?
Hydrogen peroxide into a oxygen and 2 molecules of water
Where does the digestion of polysacharrides start?
Mouth
Where does digestion of protein start?
Stomach
Why is the stomach acidic?
To kill bacteria and to activate the pepsin
What is Acid Reflux/Heartburn?
When acid from stomach accidentally splashes on esophagus
How is the Gastrovascular Cavity different from an Alimentary Canal?
Gastrovascular Cavity has only one opening, Alimentary Canal has two
Where does nutrient absorption happen?
Small intestine
What does not have to get digested before getting absorbed?
Monomers
What is a gland?
Any organ that releases something
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