Bio grilliot test 4

4th in the US for plant and animal species

1st in the east of the miss. river

7th in endemic species; species restricted to a particular area

2nd in the world for diversity

biodiversity in alabama

the idea that the earth stays the same except when a large disruption occurs

catastrophism

small changes over long periods of time

gradualism

what allowed people to realize that the earth was much older than originally thought to be

gradualism

changes in gene frequencies in populations over time

evolution

who was the first person to support the idea of gradualism and is also known as the father of geology

hutton

who was the first person to address organisms changing over time

Lamarck

Who studied the Galapagos Islands and came up with the mechanisms for HOW organisms change over time

charles darwin

who came up with almost the same ideas as darwin

alfred r wallace

Who did a joint presentation on how organisms change and how natural selection works?

alfred r wallace and darwin

When was the Origin of Species published?

1859

the greater relative survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that have favorable heritable traits, leading to evolutionary change

natural selection

scientific term for reproductive success

fitness

_______ dont evolve and adapt but _______ do

individuals; populations

what are the components of natural selection

survival, reproduction, heritable traits, variation, competition, over population

mutations can be both ______ and ______

positive and negative

Variation comes from _________________ and ______________.

sexual reproduction and mutations

more offspring is produce than can survive, leads to natural selection

overpopulation

when more than one offspring is trying to get the same resources

competition

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.

artificial selection

heritable trait that aids in survival and reproduction

adaptation

________ occurs on specific individuals with particular adaptations

selection

evolution of one or more closely related species into different species; resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions. explains diversity

divergent evolution

Unrelated species evolve similar traits. explains unity

covergent evolution

what key info was darwin missing that was needed to fully explain evolutions

mendels work on genetics

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

genetic drift

Alleles moved in or out of a population

genetic flow

what are the 5 main evidenced of evolution

1. fossil record

2. biogeography

3. comparative anatomy

4. molecular biology

5. artificial selection

Archaeologists use this test to determine the date/age of organic artifacts.

radiocarbon dating

geographic distribution of organisms

Biogeography

___________ are structures that are similar in different organisms, but they are similar because of shared evolutionary history

homologous structure

the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis; all living things use DNA to store genetic info

molecular biology

the study of how humans interact with the environment

Environmental Science

________ uses ecological principles to protect ecosystems for future use

conservation biology

a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world; maintains environmental qualities

environmentalism

what is recreation; examples

money made on the ecosystem; boating, hunting, hiking

_______ is the least common aquatic ecosystem, under 2% of the earths surface

fresh water

________ is the most common aquatic ecosystem, 75% of earths surface, extremely diverse

marine

Land based Ecosystems

terrestrial ecosystems

materials move in an ecosystem by a ___________

foodchain

a plant is a _______

producer

producers are a food source for __________

primary consumer

energy is _______ at each level

lost

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

food web

the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter

nutrient cycle

the ____ is the ultimate source of energy

sun

how does carbon enter back into the ecosystem

Carbon enters back into the ecosystem when organisms release carbon dioxide by breathing out and when fungi and bacteria break down dead organisms.

sun energy is directly utilized by ____ which produce _____ for the rest of the ecosystem

plants; fuel source

levels of ecology

individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

population ecology

The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

community ecology

ecosystem ecology

the study of how nutrients cycle through an ecosystem and how energy moves and effects organisms

to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms and populations based on their interactions

what is the central goal of ecology

The scientific study of population characteristics; predicts how they change over time

Demography

what are the 2 ways we can look at populations

size: total number

density: number per unit area

The process of selecting representative units from a total population to estimate the number in the population

sampling

method where you catch a number of animals and mark them and repeat to see how many of the animals you capture again

mark-recapture method

An organism that does not move, it remains attached to one place.

Sessile

used to measure organisms that do no move around much

quadrant sampling

what are the 3 basic dispersal patterns

random, clumped, uniformed

least common type; caused by situations like seeds that are dispersed by wind

random distribution

individuals evenly spaced and less likely to be close together

uniformed distribution

the most common type of population distribution where many members of the population live close together

clumped distribution

higher mortality at older ages (humans)

individuals survive at young age and likelihood of death increases overtime

type 1 curve

intermediate, with a constant death rate over the organism's life span

Type 2 curve

high death rate early in life

Type 3 curve

what are the two ways to measure/describe growth

exponential growth and growth with limitations

known as logistic growth; s shaped curve; meet a limitation

growth with limitation

the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate; j curve, goes up; individuals double

Growth pattern

humans have been able to increase carrying capacity a lot using ________

technology

a chart that shows the age distribution of a population; also called age pyramid

age structure diagram

an interaction when an organism consumes all or part of another organism; +/-

predation and herbivory

one benefits; other member not harmed;

+/o

symbiotic commensalism

both organisms benefit; +/+

mutualism

A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it. +/-

Parasitism

the process of using reflected sound waves to find objects

echolocation

are similar but the similarity does not derive from a common ancestor

Analagous traits

The natural or genetic ability of an organism to avoid or repel attack by biotic agents

Biological Resistance

how long before darwin shared his ideas

20 years

traits altered by an individual organism during its life; not heritable

acquired characteristics

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

the concept that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to offspring

evolution

change over time

Change in gene frequencies in population over times

genotypes are changing, the alleles end up with more dark than light

founder effect

a way genetic drift can be magnified; a small subset of a population moves away and starts a new population

transitional forms

an organism that has characteristics of perhaps two other related organisms

Vestigial structures

structures that had a use in an ancestor but are currently not a particularly useful anymore