VFR XC PPL ORAL

What is the right-of-way order between categories of aircrafts?

From highest to lowest priority:

1. Aircraft in distress

2. Balloon

3. Glider

4. Aircraft towing/refueling

5. Airship

6. Airplane/rotorcraft

What are the right of way rules? (Converging, head on, overtaking)

- Converging: Aircraft to the right has the right-of-way

- Head on: Both turn right

- Overtaking: Overtake on the right; aircraft being overtaken has the right-of-way

What are the VFR fuel requirements?

Day VFR: Destination + 30 min reserve

Night VFR: Destination + 45 min reserve

(At normal cruising speed)

What is an alternate?

A back up airport you plan to use if the destination becomes unusable.

(Weather, closure, emergency, fuel, NOTAM, etc.)

How often is the A/FD updated?

Every 56 days

Where do you find runway lenghts?

- In the chart supplement (A/FD)

-> Runway lenghts, widths, surfaces, lighting, patterns, etc.

What is a NOTAM?

A notice to air missions.

Time-critical aeronautical information not known early enough to publish on charts

Includes: runway closures, TFR's , equipment outages, hazards, etc.

What preflight action is required by the FARs? NWKRAFT

N - Notams

W - Weather

K - Known ATC delays

R - Runway lenghts

A - Alternates

F - Fuel

T - Take off and landing distances

What do you do if you become lost in flight? 5Cs

1. Climb - improve radio reception and visibility

2. Circle - don't become more lost; stay in one location

3. Conserve - lean mixture, manage fuel

4. Communicate - contact ATC or FSS

5. Confess - Admit you're lost, ask for help

What limitations apply to VOR's?

- Limited by power output; service volumes range aprox. 25-130 NM depending on class and aircraft altitude

- Operate line-of-sight-terrain or obstacles can block reception

What is magnetic variation?

the angular difference between true north and magnetic north.

What is dead reckoning?

navigating using predeterminated headings, time, speed, and performance calculations.

What is pilotage?

navigation using visual landmarks or checkpoints

Minimum safe altitude in non-congested areas?

500' AGL minimum

What is the minimum safe altitude over congested areas?

1000' above the highest obstacle within 2,000' horizontal distance

Define minimum safe altitude?

An altitude allowing a safe emergency landing without creating a hazard to people or property on the surface.

What is the maximum airspeed below 10,000' MSL?

250 knots