CLA2103: Final Exam Review

Barcids

Children of Hamilcar Barca

Hamilcar Barca

Carthaginian father who began the Punic conquest of Spain and established a ruling dynasty

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander and son of Hamilcar Barca

Hasdrubal

Hannibal's brother and Carthaginian general

Scipionic Circle

Political circle led by the Scipios opposing the conservatives

Publius Cornelius Scipio

Leader of the Scipionic Circle, died in the Battle of Illorci

Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio

Brother of Publius Cornelius Scipio, given half of the army by Publius to cut off Hannibal's supply lines, died in the Battle of Illorci

Fabius Maximus (Cunctator)

Co-lead of the conservative faction, known for developing Fabian tactics

Fabian (Tactics)

Strategy of wearing out an opponent by delay and evasion rather than confrontation

Scipio Africanus

Youngest and most popular Scipio, favorite of Jupiter, implemented many military reforms

Lucius Aemilius Paullus (Macedonicus)

Replaced Fabius as consul in 216

Ebro River

River dividing Roman and Carthaginian spheres of influence

Ebro Treaty 226 BC

Defined spheres of influence between Rome and Spain - Carthage had the south two-thirds of Spain, Rome had the north one-third

Saguntum

City attacked by Hannibal due to a misunderstanding of the Ebro contract, appealed to Rome and Carthage for help

Fetiales (Fetial Laws and Priests)

Romans required to defend allies with force if necessary

Siege and fall of Saguntum 219/218 BC

Hannibal sieged and took Saguntum, Rome declared war

Saguntines

Sent a deputation to Rome for help, were slain, allies of Rome

Battle of Ticinus 218

Romans lost, Publius Cornelius Scipio had to be rescued by his son Scipio Africanus

Battle of Trebia 218 BC

Scipio's combined consul force attacked Hannibal while he was crossing the river, Romans lost 75% of troops

Battle of Lake Trasimene 217 BC

Romans tried to block Hannibal but left the pass unguarded, Hannibal surprised them along the lakeshore and almost wiped out the entire force

Gaius Flaminius

Roman general during the Battle of Lake Trasimene, died fighting

Lucius Aemilius Paullus

Part of the Scipionic Circle, replaced Fabius

C

Replaced Fabius as dictator in 216

"Battle" or Blockade of Ager Falernus 217 BC

Senate sent L. Hostilius Mancinus to attack Hannibal, but Hannibal escaped by sending a torched oxen army as a distraction

Marcus Minucius

Fabius's Master of the Horse who defeated Hannibal in a skirmish, eventually made co-dictator and given half of the army

Battle of Geronium 217 BC

Marcus Minucius fell for Hannibal's trap but was rescued by Fabius, Hannibal fled

Battle of Cannae 216 BC

Roman army had numbers but Hannibal encircled legions, Romans suffered a massacre

Busa

Rich woman who gave money to Scipio Africanus and sheltered the Roman army after the Battle of Cannae

Hieronymous

Son of tyrant king Hiero, assassinated before he could act against Rome

Siege of Syracuse 215-212 BC

Roman navy took the "un-siegeable" Syracuse in 212 BC

Siege of Capua 212-211 BC

Hannibal took Capua for winter quarters, later retaken by Rome

Siege of Tarentum 212-209 BC

Anti-Roman town taken by Hannibal, later recaptured by Fabius

Archimedes

Directed the defenses of Syracuse, deployed to Sicily to protect the city

First Macedonian War 214-205 BC

Philip of Macedon allied with Hannibal

Philip

King of Macedonia

Three fetters of Philip

Corinth, Chalcis, and Demetrias

Battle of Ilorci 211 BC

Older Scipios went to Spain to defeat Hasdrubal and were killed

Tertia Aemilia

Organized Dotal contribution

Battle of Cynoscephalae

Romans defeated Philip in this battle during the 2nd Macedonian War.

Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Consul of 198, fluent in Greek, defeated Philip in the Battle of Cynoscephalae.

Proclamation of Flamininus

Flamininus promised to guarantee freedom and protection of Greeks by the Romans after the Battle of Cynoscephalae.

Syrian War

War between Rome and Syria, resulting in the reduction of Syria to a non-entity.

Battle of Thermopylae

Romans defeated Antiochus in Greece during this battle.

Battle of Magnesia

Romans, led by Lucius Scipio Asiaticus and Scipio Africanus, defeated Antiochus in this battle, leading to Roman control of Asia Minor.

Peace of Apamaea

Treaty that reduced Syria to a non-entity and imposed a massive indemnity.

Third Macedonian War

War instigated by Pergamum appealing to Rome against Perseus/Macedonia and Achaean League.

Battle of Pydna

Aemilius Paullus defeated Perseus in this battle during the Third Macedonian War.

Fourth Macedonian War

Rebellion led by Andriscus against Rome, resulting in the defeat of Andriscus and annexation of Macedonia.

Annexation of Macedonia

Rome annexed Macedonia following the defeat of Andriscus in the Fourth Macedonian War.

Achaean War

Uprising of the Achaean League in Corinth, resulting in the destruction of Corinth by Rome.

Destruction of Corinth

Corinth was defeated and destroyed by Rome in the Achaean War.

Ligurians

Indigenous population of Italy who resisted Roman authority and were subjugated.

Spanish Wars

Series of wars fought against the Ligurians and Celtiberians resulting in the subjugation of the tribes.

Nearer and Farther Spain

Romans divided Spain into two provinces in 195 BC.

Lusitanians

Tribe of Farther Spain who fought against Rome in the Lusitanian Wars.

Celtiberians

Tribe of Nearer Spain who revolted after the 2nd Punic War.

Numantine War

War in Nearer Spain triggered by disloyalty to Rome, resulting in the fall of Numantia.

Scipio Aemilianus

Commander who successfully destroyed Numantia in the Numantine War.

Marcus Atilius (Serranus)

Roman commander defeated by Virathus in the Spanish Wars.

Lucius Mummius

Governor of Further Spain, defeated in the First Lusitanian War.

Gaius Vetilius

Praetorian governor and commander of Farther Spain.

Gaius Plautius

Vetilius' successor, defeated at Tribola.

Popilius Laenas

Pompeius' successor, replaced by Hostilius Mancinus.

Numantia

Also known as Celtiberia, a city where Romans were defeated by Viriathus in 147 BC.

Tribola

Location where Romans were defeated by Viriathus in 147 BC.

Siege and destruction of Numantia 133 BC

Led by Scipio Aemilianus, the city was sieged and blockaded.

Slave (aka Servile) War in Sicily 134-132

Rebellion of enslaved freeborn people in Sicily.

Damophilus

Cruel slave owner who instigated the Servile War.

Eunus

Leader of the slaves during the Servile War, originally Syrian royalty.

Publius Rupilius

Consul who defeated and captured slaves at Tauromenium and Enna.

Latin

Allies who had partial voting rights but lived far from Rome.

Durius River/Tagus River

Theatre of war in the Spanish Wars, Lusitanians were trapped between these rivers.

Polybius

Appian's major source of information.

Treaty of Mancinus

Compromise that affected the political career of Tiberius Gracchus.

Calpurnius Piso

Consul chosen as general against Numantia but did not march against it.

Posidonius

A native of Syria, widely traveled and interested in the problem of slavery.

Cleon

Cilician slave who gathered seventy thousand slaves and frequently defeated the Roman army.

Atargatis

Syrian goddess.

Hierapolis

Headquarters of the slave revolt, called the new Hierapolis.

Diodorus Siculus

Main source for the slave revolt and its background.

Agyrium

Hometown of Diodorus Siculus.

Enna

Headquarters of the slave revolt.

Delos

Location where piracy in the eastern Mediterranean contributed to a thriving slave market.

Antiochus

Name adopted by Eunus after the Seleucid kings of Syria.

Gaius Fulvius Flaccus

Praetorian commander who rescued Lepidus' troops from Pallantia.

Gaius Laelius (Sapiens)

Consul who tried to enforce the Licinio-Sexitan laws but was rejected by the senate.

Tiberius Gracchus, Tribune 133 BC

Populares reformer who passed the Lex Agraria without consulting the senate.

Annexation of Asia 128 BC

Pergamum was annexed after the death of Attalus III.

Hostilius Mancinus

Political ally to Tiberius Gracchus, made a humiliating treaty with the Numantines.

Cornelia

Mother of the Gracchi brothers, known for her virtues of pietas and pudicitia.

Gaius Gracchus, Tribune 123 and 122 BC

Passed various laws and reforms, faced opposition from political enemies.

Concilium plebis

The council of the people.

Marcus Octavius

Co-tribune who was removed by Tiberius Gracchus after trying to veto his laws.

Lex Agraria 133 BC

Limited land ownership and redistributed land to the poor.

Lex Maiestas 123 BC

Made it treason to use capital punishment without popular assembly vote.

Lex Frumentaria 123 BC

Mandated the sale of grain at a reduced price to the poor.

Lex Militaris 123 BC

Provided food, armor, and supplies to soldiers.

Lex Acilia 123 BC

Gave equestrians control of extortion courts.

Asian Tithe 123 BC

Privatized and gave provincial tax rights to the equestrians.

Annona

Yearly crop provision taken from provinces to feed Romans.