CLA2103: Final Exam Review

CLA2103: Final Exam Review

Module #12:

Barcids: Children of hamilcar barca
Hamilcar Barca: father, carthaginian, began punic conquest of spain open up new commercial networks and establish a ruling dynasty;
Hannibal: Carthaginian military commander, son of hamilcar barca
Hasdrubal: Hannibal's brother; Carthaginian general
Scipionic Circle: political circle led by the Scipios opposing the conservatives
Publius Cornelius Scipio: Leader of the Scipionic circle, died in battle of Illorci
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio: brother of Publius Cornelius Scipio, given 1/2 of army by Publius Cornelius Scipio to cut off Hannibal's supply lines, died in battle of Illorci
Fabius Maximus (Cunctator): co-lead of the conservative faction, appointed dictator after Battle of Lake, known for developing Fabian tactics
Fabian (Tactics): to wear out an opponent by delay and evasion rather than confrontation (seen as distasteful by Romans)
(Publius Cornelius) Scipio Africanus: youngest and most popular Scipio, favourite of Jupiter, many military reforms
(Lucius) Aemilius Paullus (Macedonicus) : replaced Fabius as consul in 216
Ebro River: river dividing Roman and Carthaginian spheres of influence
Ebro Treaty 226 BC: defined spheres of influence between Rome and Spain - Carthage had S 2/3 of Spain, Rome had N 1/3
Saguntum: city attacked by Hannibal due to misunderstanding of Ebro contract, who appealed to Rome and Carthage for help
Fetiales (Fetial Laws and Priests): Romans required to defend allies with force if necessary
Siege and fall of Saguntum 219/218 BC: Hannibal sieged and took Saguntum and refused to surrender so Rome declared war
Saguntines: sent a deputation to rome to beg for help in a war which was inevitably approaching. Were slain. Allies of rome.
Battle of Ticinus 218: Romans lost - Publius Cornelius Scipio had to be rescued by son Scipio Africanus
Battle of Trebia 218 BC: Scipio's combined consul force attacked Hannibal while he was crossing the river. Hannibal's hidden forces attacked the flanks. Romans lost 75% of troops
Battle of Lake Trasimene 217 BC: Romans tried to block Hannibal but left the pass unguarded. Hannibal surprised them along lakeshore and almost wiped out the entire force
Gaius Flaminius: Roman general (an reformer) during Battle of Lake Trasimene, died fighting
Lucius Aemilius Paullus: part of Scipionic circle, replaced Fabius
C. Terentius Varro: replaced Fabius as dictator in 216,
“Battle” or Blockade of Ager Falernus 217 BC: senate didn't like Fabian tactics so sent L. Hostilius Mancinus'. LHM got wrecked by Hannibal. Fabius blocked entrances to the valley and blockaded Hannibal. Hannibal escaped by sending torched oxen army as distraction
Marcus Minucius: Fabius's Master of the Horse who defeated Hannibal in a skirmish, eventually made co-dictator and given 1/2 of army
Battle of Geronium 217 BC: Marcus Mincius and Fabius divided armies so Hannibal set a trap for Marcus Minucius by hiding troops in hills. Marcus Mincius fell for it and had to be rescued by Fabius who trapped Hannibal. Hannibal fled and Marcus Minucius escaped
Battle of Cannae 216 BC: Roman army had numbers but Hannibal encircled legions at Aufidus River. consuls had a dispute and Varro set them up for massacre. Carthage had much superior tactics and consul and proconsuls died fighting
Busa: rich woman that gave money to Scipio Africanus (pissed off the senate) and sheltered the Roman army after Cannae
Hieronymous: son of tyrant king Hiero who was assassinated before he could act against Rome (Rome started a war anyways)
Siege of Syracuse 215-212 BC: Roman navy (led by Claudius Marcellus) took the "un-siegeable" Syracuse in 212 BC
Siege of Capua 212-211 BC: Hannibal took for winter quarters. 212 consuls Appius Claudius and Q. Fulvius Flaccus tried to siege so Capua appealed to Hannibal. Hannibal took for a while but retaken by Rome
Siege of Tarentum 212-209 BC: in 212, anti-Roman town taken by Hannibal while armies were sleeping. in 209, Fabius recaptured
Archimedes: directing the defenses of Syracuse, deployed to Sicily to protect the city
First Macedonian War 214-205 BC: Philip of Macedon allied with Hannibal
Philip: King of Macedonia
Three fetters of Philip: corinth, chalcis, and demetrias
Battle of Ilorci 211 BC: Older Scipios went to Spain to defeat Hasdrubal and were killed
Tertia Aemilia: organized Dotal (dowry) contribution to war chest and oversaw Cult of Cybele, wife of Scipio Africanus
210/209 acquisition of Cartago Nova (New Carthage): naval garrison captured by Romans (led by Scipio Africanus)
Battle of Metaurus 207 BC: Hasdrubal defeated and killed, Romans gave his head to Hannibal who retreated
Battle of Ilorci 211 BC: the elder Scipios were killed
Battle of Baecula: Scipio was anxious to seek battle before the Carthaginian armies could unite under Hasdrubal.
Battle of Zama 202 BC: Hannibal's elephants stomped their own cavalry. Massanissa started attacking Hannibal and Roman skirmishers used elephants for protection. Hannibal tried to retreat but Carthage was confused and blocked him. Hannibal and Carthage started killing each other while Scipio blocked them. Massanissan and Roman cavalry came as backup and won
Battle of Zama Significance: flexibility of Roman army (and improved cavalry). Carthage no longer has military power. opportunities for expansion
Massinissa: aided Scipio to defeat Carthage by sending 10k soldiers for the Battle of Zama (esp. cavalry that could withstand elephants)
Treaty of Zama: indemnity and decrease navy, Carthage had to leave Spain, Carthage needed Rome's permission for war, Massanissa could take whatever "belonged" to them
Attrition: military strategy of wearing down one's enemies over time, see Fabian tactics
Massilia: was a greek trading post; Marseilles, France
Aufidus (River): Where the romans and Hannibal made camp in the Battle of Cannae; contributed to Hannibal's victory
Fabius Pictor: the pro-roman annalistic historian whom he followed in his denial of the treaty of Philinus, and allows that Pictor was a biased and pro-roman source;
Sempronius Longinus: The other two legions were posted in sicily (for deployment to Africa) under this consul
Gallic/Gaulish (mercenaries): Hannibal's formations were stronger; his left flank was covered by Spanish and Gallic cavalry - same with Hasdrubal
Alps: Hannibal crosses the alps, took war into italy. Hasdrubal crossed as well.
Gn. Servilius Geminus: had the only army left in italy, deal with second carthaginian war
Hostilius Mancinus: military perfect to to locate Hannibal’s army so that the Romans would know when and where to attack.
Iberian: Hannibal’s Iberian infantry, who were skilled at mountain warfare managed to kill 1000 Roman infantrymen in the pursuit.
Marcus Metellus: This minor victory after so many defeats led the Romans, especially the plebeians, after a speech by the tribune of the plebs
Magister equitum: the master of the horse was normally chosen by the dictator, as his second in command and assistant
Marcus Atilius (Regulus): consul in 227 and 217 BC and commanded proconsular legions in 216 BC with his proconsular colleague Gnaeus Servilius in the Battle of Cannae. Son of Marcus Atilius (Regulus)
Gnaeus Servilius: assisted paulus and varro. Proconsular colleague of Marcus Atilius (Regulus)
Numidian: Hasdrubals calvary on his right flank- sent them after Varro
Dyrrachium: The theater of the first macedonian war was the southern adriatic sea near Durres, ancient dyrrachium in albania
Demetrias (Soter): part of three fetters of philip,
Chalcis: part of three fetters of philip,
Privatus: Scipio Africanus was this, he had never held the proconsular or propraetorian imperium, normally expected of commanders of legions
Mandonius: Scipio was joined by the warriors of the Celtiberian Illergeti tribes, and their chiefs Andobales and his brother Mandonius, who had defected to Scipio because, as Polybius reports, they mistrusted Hasdrubal and were angered by his abuses to their families.
Andobales: brother is Mandonius. Was given 300 captured horses by Scipio
Cartagena: Scipio captured this city
Gaius Laelius (Sapiens): Scipios second in command. Ordered to proceed along the right side of the hill and find an easier route to the top.
Claudius Nero: opposed Hannibal, overpowered hasdrubal. Threw hasdrubals head into hannibal's camp
Lucius Decimus: Samnite commander who fought for Rome
Q. Fulvius Flaccus: tried to besiege capua,
Appius Claudius: tried to besiege capua with qq. Fulvius flaccus
Spanish War: the campaigns of Scipio Africanus in Spain following the deaths of his father and uncle.
M. Livius Salinator: intercepted hasdrubal with claudius nero. Was reinforced by claudius nero.
De Mulieribus Claris: a 14th c. compilation of biographies of historical and mythological women mostly from the ancient world, written by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio.
Guerrilla: spanish in origin, the diminutive of guerra or war, little wars. improvised, independent, and flexible military tactics often without formal authorization of a government authority

Module #13:

Defensive imperialism: waging wars on a necessary case-by-case basis by perceived threat levels (ie. Eastern Wars)
Sentimental politics: special protection and patronage of Greece (and city-states) (ie. Eastern Wars)
Alexander the Great: King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia; predecessor of East Med dynasties
Ptolemy: literal child king of Egypt that ascended at the age of 5 causing a power void (Syria and Macedonia loved this)
Pergamum: led by Attalus (then Eumenes); joined with Rhodes to oppose Philip and Antiochus. Appealed to Rome for help triggering a series of (eastern) wars. Given to Anatolia by Rome after the Syrian War. Eumenes appealed to Rome because of Perseus, triggering the 3rd Macedonian War. Annexed by rome as a province of Asia in 128BC when Attulus III (son of Eumenes) died
Eumenes: king of Pergamum; appealed to Rome before 3rd Macedonian War
Syria: led by Antiochus; joined with Philip of Macedonia to take Egypt from Ptolemy; was reduced to a non-entity by Rome from the Syrian Wars
Antiochus: king of Syria; plotted with Philip against Egypt (and Rome) but had dispute so Philip went out on his own; invaded Greece in the Syrian War but lost
Macedon: macedonia; kingdom of northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings; became centralized under Philip II; conquered Greek city-states.
Philip: made an alliance with Antiochus.
Perseus: king of Macedonia after his father Philip; encouraged lower class Greeks to rebel against Rome; went to war with Rome in the 3rd Macedonian War; defeated by Aemilius Paullus in the Battle of Pydna and died in roman prison; commissioned a statue for what he thought would be his victory
Aetolian (League): Greek city-state defense league of the city states on the main land
Achaean (League): Greek city-state defense league of the city states along the Southern peninsula (Peloponnesos)
Second Macedonian War, 200/199-196 BC: Philip was provoking Roman allies (but really just growing in power). Aetolian league joined with Rome. Romans won at Battle of Cynoscephalae, where Flamininus defeated Philip
Titus Quinctius Flamininus: consul of 198, fluent in Greek, sent out during the 2nd Macedonian war and defeated Philip during Battle of Cynoscephalae
Battle of Cynoscephalae 196 BC: both sides moved to hill to battle. Romans won but did not recognize the Macedonian surrender sign so kept attacking. Proved superiority of Roman maniple over hoplite phalanx strategy (Polybius)
Proclamation of Flamininus 196 BC: promised to guarantee freedom and protection of Greeks by the Romans, as a result of the Battle of Cynoscephalae (2nd Macedonian War)
Syrian War 192-189 BC (aka War against Antiochus): Antiochus (Syria) invaded Greece to liberate them from Romans. Rome interpreted it as a direct attack and declared war. Syria was reduced to a nonentity (Peace of Apamaea)
Battle of Thermopylae 191 BC: Philip allied with Rome and allowed safe passage through Macedonia to Asia Minor. Romans defeated Antiochus in Greece and refused his proposed peace terms
190 BC Battle of Magnesia: only battle in Asia Minor. Ended the Syrian war and led to the beginning of roman control of Asia Minor. Romans (led by consul Lucius Scipio Asiaticus and Scipio Africanus) were outnumbered but won. surrounding towns (Thyatria, Magnesia, Sipylum) surrendered too
Peace of Apamaea 188 BC: Syria reduced to non-entity (fraction of former kingdom). massive indemnity
Third Macedonian War: 172/171-167 BC: instigated by Pergamum appealing to Rome against Perseus/Macedonia and Achaean League. Rome (led by Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus) defeated Perseus in Battle of Pydna
Battle of Pydna 168 BC: Aemilius rested troops on the first day then joined with P.C. Scipio maneuvered around the phalanx. Aemilius made 21 sacrifices and was told to be defensive to win. "Riderless horse story" instigated battle. Perseus and cavalry escaped but everyone else killed and Perseus surrendered
Monument of Aemilius Paullus: Aemilius Paullus took monument, Perseus commissioned for his assumed victory and made it his own, including riderless horse story, form of spoliation
Spoliation: act of taking or destroying goods and property conquered
Fourth Macedonian War 149-148 BC: Rome split Macedonia into 4 republics which caused rebellion led by Andriscus. Demetrias (Syria) handed him over to Rome but he escaped, made an army, and defeated the king of Macedonia. Rome (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus) defeated Andriscus and annexed Macedonia
Publius Juventius: roman governor in 149 BC in Macedonia, defeated by Andriscus
Andriscus: fake son of Perseus who started rebellion in Macedonia following the split by Rome; invaded Macedonia in 149 BC but defeated in 148 BC
(Quintus) Caecilius Metellus: Roman consul who defeated Andriscus in the 4th Macedonian War
Annexation of Macedonia 148 BC: Rome annexed following the second Battle of Pydna, defeat of Andriscus
Achaean War: Achaean League uprising in Corinth after 4th Macedonian War; long-term, Rome was angry at Corinth's bold independence and rebellion; Corinth was destroyed by Rome
Critolaus: Greek general who led the final rebellion of the Achean War
Destruction of Corinth 146 BC: defeated by Quintus Caecilius Metellus and Lucius Mummius - plundered and everyone killed or enslaved, land taken as ager publicus
Lucius Mummius (Achaicus): consul for Destruction of Corinth and after given proconsul; celebrated a triumph; governed Farther Spain later who was defeated in the 1st Lusitanian war
Rhodes: naval power near Greece; teamed up with Attalus and Rome in the Eastern Wars; was punished in the 4th Macedonian War for some people speaking out against Rome
pignus (pignora): pledge
Polybius: greek historian, taken hostage after Battle of Pydna; advised Mummius
Isthmian (Games): Games held in Corinth; where Flamininus made his proclamation
Successor’s of Alexander the great: Antigonids, Seleucids, Attalids, Ptolemies
Hoplite Phalanx: military technology, which put them at a disadvantage to the romans, who had developed more flexible military structures and strategies
Scotussa: rome and Macedonian armies marched parallel to each other to this town for better ground and food
Maniple: sub-unit of legion, roman maniples fought in a more flexible formation
Appian: writes in the syrian war
Three Fetters: philip forced to give these up for the second time- second macedonian war
Lucius Scipio Asiaticus: romans fought under this consul and his brother Cornelius Scipio Africanus
Scipio Africanus: now commanded with proconsular imperium, as his brothers master of the horse (first in command)
Samothrace: a Greek Island in the Northern Aegean Sea. Perseus fled to Amphipolis and took refuge in Samothrace, roman delegation went here to negotiate with him.
Apollo: world framed oracle, Perseus offered sacrifices to apollo
Friendship (alliance status): flamininus promised friendship to Rome but they broke it.

Module #14:

Third Punic War 149-146 BC: Rome was upset that Carthage was doing well so they provoked war between Carthage and Numidia. resulted in the destruction and fall of Carthage, which was annexed as the province of africa
Big Fields: land dispute between Massanissa and Carthage because of loophole in Treaty of Zama - Rome delayed 15 years and was mad when they found out that Carthage was doing well
Oroscopa: battles between Carthage and Numidia (Massinissa) where Numidia won; instigated the 3rd Punic War bc Carthage wasn't supposed to wage a war without rome's consent
Carthago delenda est: Cato the Elder propaganda that Carthage must be destroyed
Deditio: peaceful surrender to Rome in which the surrendered state ceases to exist; in hopes of being spared; Carthage didnt follow thru with the terms of the deditio (to destroy their own city) so Rome destroyed them
Prusias: king of Bithynia who handed over Hannibal to the Romans
Massinissa: numidian king. died of extreme age and sickness - lived until 90, not informed of declaration of war. Take over carthage little by little. Claim any land belonging to ancestors polybius in the treaty of zama.
Scipio Aemilianus: biological son of Paullus and adoptive son of Publius Cornelius Scipio military tribune of Africa who rescued Manilius and army during attack at Nepheris, made consul again and returned to destroy Carthage; won the Numantine War
Cato the Elder: leader of the conservative faction of Rome; believed that Hannibal was thought to be a threat to Rome; said "Carthago delenda est"; governed Nearer Spain
Hannibal: reformed the tax system, stabilized the economy in Carthage; aristocracy attempted to arrange his downfall and assasination, so he fled to king Prusias who turned him over but he took his life
Hasdrubal: commanded Carthaginians against Massinissa but lost; surrendered to Scipio Aemilianus in the destruction of Carthage and later died as his client; his wife and children threw themselves in the burning tower
Carthalo: anti-Massinissan partisan who incited a revolt of Numidian peasants and tried to attack the pro-Massinissa oligarchy in Carthage
Manius Manilius: consul of 149 sent to siege Carthage
Siege and destruction of Nepheris 147 BC: after capturing Carthage in the 3rd Punic War, Scipio Aemilianus took Nepheris, a military base of operations
Destruction and fall of Carthage 146 BC: Romans were to siege Carthage but focused on other Punic cities so meanwhile Carthage was self-sufficient. Scipio Aemilianus blockaded a circular dock and captured the city. Most people enslaved but deserters and Hasdrubal's family set themselves on fire in Temple of Asclepius
Annexation of province of Africa 146 BC: after 3rd Punic War Carthage was burned to the ground and was annexed as province
Treaty of Zama: carthage breached it, carthage to control all of africa except lands of numidians
Massylii: Massinissa ruled the Massylii, the tribe of eastern Numidia; his father Gala had ruled it before him.
Mole: scipio built this, pier/breakwater
Temple of Asclepius: Hasdrubal's family set themselves on fire
Lucius Marcius Censorinus: roman consul, landed in africa with manius manilius

Module #15:

Ligurians: indigenous population of Italy who resisted Roman authority and were subjugated
Gauls: in northern italy, Po Valley continued to threaten roman interests in the north, had to be pacified and resettled.
Spanish Wars 195-133 BC: series of wars fought against the Ligurians and Celtiberians resulting in the subjugation of the tribes
Spain: main area of focus in the west during the 2nd c; valuable natural resources were there, but hostile tribes made Spain still inaccessible.
Nearer and Farther Spain 195 BC: romans divided spain into two provinces in 195 BC
Fiery War: Polybius's name for the war between the Romans and the Celtiberians due to the fighting only being stopped by darkness
Lusitanians: Tribe of Farther Spain, fight against Rome in "Lusitanian Wars"
Celtiberians: tribe of Nearer Spain, revolted after the 2nd Punic war
Cato the Elder: served as consul in Nearer Spain, crushed Celtiberian rebellion, established roman authority to the east and west of the Ebro River, carried out reforms (incl laws, economic reforms)
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus: governor of Nearer Spain during the 1st Celtiberian War, brought 150 towns under Roman control and did land reform
Tiberius Gracchus: son of Sempronius Gracchus, negotiated the Treaty of Mancinus
Sulpicius Galba: governor of Farther Spain who abused, tricked (trapped between rivers), and massacred Lusitanians with Lucullus
Licinius Lucullus: proconsular governor and commander of Nearer Spain) joined forces with Sulpicius Galba
Viriathus: Lusitanian resistance leader who survived the massacre of Sulpicius Galba, known to save people just before surrender and was well respected by the Romans; defeated the romans a few times; was assassinated
Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus: adoptive son servilianus
Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus: consul of 142 BC, commanded against Virathus in Spanish Wars - recaptured Baeturia but ultimately defeated in 140 BC and made peace
Quintus Servilianus Caepio: proconsul of 140 BC, redacted peace with Virathus and had him assassinated by his own peace envoys
Decimus Junius Brutus: campaigned in Lusitania during the Virathine Revolt (post-Virathus rebellion), allowed some to remain on their land
(Quintus) Caecilius Metellus (Macedonicus): successfully campaigned in the eastern Mediterranean (in the Fourth Macedonian “War.” However, he failed to besiege Numantia and suppress the revolt.
Numantine War: aka third Celtiberian War; war in Nearer Spain (Celtiberians followed Viriathus) triggered by disloyalty to Rome; led to fall of Numantia, giving rome a permanent hold on Spain
Hostilius Mancinus: consul of 137 who failed to take Numantia and was annihilated
Aemilius Lepidus: consul of 137 sent to defeat Numantines, declared war out of boredom and had to be saved, recalled and stripped of title; was put on trial for this and punished
Scipio Aemilianus: commander in 144 BC who had minor victories over Virathus in Lusitani. consul in 134 who successfully destroyed Numantia
Pompeius Aulus: commander in 143 BC who was defeated by Virathus in the Spanish Wars. disgraced in 139 when he had to humiliatingly surrender to Numantia
Marcus Atilius (Serranus): succeeded Mummius (Farther Spain) and continued (as governor) to avenge these losses.
Lucius Mummius: governor of Further Spain, defeated in the First Lusitanian War
Gaius Vetilius: the praetorian governor and commander of Farther Spain
Gaius Plautius: Vetilius’ successor, praetorian governor, Gaius Plautius was defeated at Tribola
Popilius Laenas: pompeius successor, replaced by Hostilius Mancinus
Numantia: aka. Celtiberia
Tribola: where Romans were defeated by Viriathus in 147 BC
Siege and destruction of Numantia 133 BC: led by Scipio Aemilianus, sieged and blockaded the city (similar story to his defeat of Carthage) - Nearer Spain made municipia and Farther Spain remained unsubdued
Slave (aka Servile) War in Sicily 134-132: enslaved freeborn people rebelled; in sicily
Damophilus: cruel slave owner who instigated the Servile War
Eunus: leader of the slaves (but actually Syrian royalty) during the Servile War
Publius Rupilius: consul who defeated and capture slaves at Tauromenium and Enna
Latin: allies who had partial vote/Latin rights; but couldn't exercise it bc they lived far from rome; tribes were given latin rights as a result of the spanish wars
Durius River/ Tagus River: theatre of war of Spanish Wars; Lusitanians were trapped between these rivers by Lucullus and Sulpicius Galba in farther Spain
Polybius: Appians major source
Treaty of Mancinus: compromise the political career of Tiberius Gracchus (the son of Sempronius Gracchus and the future tribune), who had helped to negotiate it
Calpurnius Piso: replace mancinus, the consul for 135 BC was chosen general against them, but he did not march against Numantia
Posidonius: a native of Syria. was widely travelled and was also interested in the problem of slavery.
Cleon: cilician slave, gathered seventy thousand slaves, and the Roman army was frequently defeated when the slave armies had united. laid siege to Agrigentum on the south coast, massacred the population, and joined Eunus’ army, becoming his military commander
Atargatis: syrian goddess
Hierapolis: high priest, eunus headquarters calling town new hierapolis
Diodorus Siculus: The main source for the slave revolt and its background. Sicilian Greek who was from Agyrium (Agira) not far from Enna; he wrote his account of the revolt about fifty years after it occurred; and he may have drawn material from the Greek
Agyrium: where Diodorus siculus is from
Enna: headquarters of the revolt.
Delos: Piracy in the eastern Mediterranean had contributed to a thriving slave market
Antiochus: Eunus called himself this after the Seleucid kings of his native Syria
Gaius Fulvius Flaccus praetor 137 BC consul 134 BC: the praetorian commander, rescued Lepidus Troops under cover of darkness from Pallantia, where they had been overpowered and trapped by the Vaccei

Module #16:

Gaius Laelius (Sapiens): consul of 140 who tried to enforce the Licinio-Sexitan laws of 376 but was rejected by the senate
Tiberius Gracchus, Tribune 133 BC: populares reformer who passed the Lex Agraria without consulting the senate
(Annexation of) Asia 128 BC: Pergamum was annexed after king (Attalus III) died childless, Tiberius used Attalus' wealth to fund his land program
Hostilius Mancinus: political ally to Tiberius Gracchus; made a humiliating treaty with the Numantines
Cornelia: mother of the Gracchi brothers, model of pietas and pudicitia
Gaius Gracchus, Tribune 123, and 122 BC: created maiestas/treason laws, to prosecute senatorials; set up the Junonia (colony of poor near ruins of Carthage); passed the Lex Frumentaria (grain subsidy for the poor); Lex Mitaris; promoted equestrians (Asian Tithe, Lex Acilia); during 2nd tribuneship his political enemies blocked bills and prevented success; had the SCU first issued against him
Concilium plebis: the council of the people
Marcus Octavius: co-tribune puppet of 133 BC who was removed by Tiberius Gracchus after trying to veto his laws
Lex Agraria 133 BC: limited the acreage that could be owned and gave the rest to the poor; passed without senatorial permission; problematic especially for allies and commission was underfunded
Lex Maiestas 123 BC: made it treason to use capital punishment if not authorized by the popular assembly vote; invoked by popular reformers to prosecute senatorials and optimates
Lex Frumentaria 123 BC: mandated the sale of grain at a reduced price to the poor (to reduce patronage)
Lex Militaris 123 BC: provided food, armor, and supplies to soldiers
Lex Acilia 123 BC: gave equestrians control of extortion courts (power over provincial governors)
Asian Tithe 123 BC: privatized and gave provincial tax rights to the equestrians
Annona: yearly crop provision taken from provinces to feed Romans
Publicani : equestrian tax collectors
Rubrius: proposed new colony at Carthage and left to make it
Junonia 122 BC: colony established by Gaius near the ruins of Carthage
Senatus consultum ultimum (SCU): emergency decree of the Senate to prosecute populares and reformers (to protect the state); similar to the maiestas laws but for the senate
Lex Boria 119/118 BC: abolished land commission and distribution, granted tenancy and rent for settlers
Lex Thoria 111 BC: repealed the Lex Agraria; all land became private; colonization in Numidia; inscribed on the Tabular Bembina Urbino
Tabula Bembina Urbino: bronze tablet set up in a municipal forum in Urbino containing Lex Thoria and Repetundis/extortion law
Centuriation: an ancient Roman grid system of land division for colonists
Optimares: conservatives/senate
Populares: Reformers, did not hold power in the senate, represented the poor
Attalus III: king of Pergamum who died childless and left his empire to Rome
Annexation of (province of) Asia 128 BC:
Asia Minor: geographic term for the eastern Mediterranean
Scipio Nasica: pontifex maximus who ambushed and killed Tiberius Gracchus - very illegal bc Tiberius still had sacrosanctity
Livius Drusus: senatorial puppet tribune of 122 with Gaius; began to comprise Gaius Gracchus's political career
Lucius Opimius : consul of 121 who provoked Gaius bodyguards into violence, resulting in SCU and Gaius's death
Suffrage Bill: citizenship that would double the citizen body; senate feared that this would bring more clients and partisans for Gaius; was rejected by the senate and led to ban of allies from Rome
Allies: complained that their land was being taken by the commission - caused tension. could not vote or decide how their armies were to be deployed.
Oath of Brutus: never to allow any man again to be king in Rome; imposed by consuls after the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus
Univira: cornelia (one man woman- never remarried)
Censor: tax contracts were auctioned off by the censors
Carthage: second tribuneship, Infrastructure and colonies including Junonia
(Marcus) Fulvius Flaccus: fled from a senatorial mob but was overcome and died in 121 BC.He had served as consul and commanded in Gaul in 125 BC
Appian: main source of information about the resolution (or closure) of the Gracchan land program by the senate.

Module #17:

(Annexation of) Transalpine Gaul (Gallia Transalpina) 121 BC: annexed by M. Fulvinius Flaccus in 121 BC for land and by request of Greeks (Marseilles)
Domitius Ahenobarbus: consul in 122 BC who built military base at Aquae-Sextiae, urbanized the area, built the via Domitia (traversed southern gaul), oversaw the annexation of Gallia Transalpina as a province
Via Domitia: first Roman road built in southern Gaul
Jugurthine War 111-106/5 BC: war against king Jugurtha of Numidia; senate put it off but eventually declared war on Jugurtha bc he destroyed Cirta and the people shamed the senate; Jugurtha was finally defeated by Gaius Marius
Scipio Aemilianus: Marius served with Scipio Aemilianus at Numantia during the Spanish wars
Sallust: Republic historian who covered the Jugurthine War and was a partisan of Julius Caesar (biased towards ops)
Bellum Jugurthinum: Sallust's account of the Jugarthine War; contains little info about topography and campaigns; Sallust praises Marius in his war against Numidian King Jugurtha
Gaius Marius: opportunist (voted on both sides), governor in Farther Spain, built equestrian support; married into the Caesar family; turned against Metellus; consul by popular support; encouraged poor people to join the army; captured Jugurtha with Sulla's help; reorganized legions/army; downfall bc senate didnt like him and due to his support of Saturninus
Quintus Metellus (Numidicus): commanded in 109 BC as consul, He was awarded the sirname Numidicus and a military triumph for his victory over Jugurtha in the Battle of Muthul.
Micipsa: son of Massanissa who ruled Numidia then passed it on to his sons (including adopted son Jugurtha)
Jugurtha: Micipsa's nephew, Massinissa's grandson, killed his brothers for power and frequently lied to and bribed the senate; invaded Cirta; eventually lost and died in Tullianum prison of Rome
Adherbal: son of Micipsa, shared leadership of Numidia but exiled by Jugurtha and engaged in long conflict where Jugurtha eventually killed him
Hiempsal: son of Micipsa, shared leadership of Numidia until killed by Jugurtha
Cirta: capital of Numidia, given to Adherbal after conflict with Jugurtha
Calpurnius Bestia: consul initially sent to defeat Jugurtha, made weak peace treaty that the population thought was collusion with the senate
Postumius Albinus: proconsul, badly defeated by Jugurtha in the battle of Suthul, added to a dishonorable peace treaty
Muthul (River): Metellus restored army discipline and defeated Jugurtha at the Muthul river, taking Vaga
Bocchus: Macedonian King who delivered Jugurtha to Marius (either his father or son-in-law)
(Lucius) Cornelius Sulla: Quaestor of Marius; persuaded King Bocchus of Mauretania to deliver Jugurtha to Marius; credited with capturing Jugurtha - made Marius angry
Tullianum: Roman prison that Jugurtha died in
Cimbrian (Wars) 105-101 BC: Rome and Celtiberians vs. Cimbri and Teutons (Germans and Gauls) due to land hunger
Battle of Orange/Aurasio 105 BC : Romans (c. Manlius and p. Servilius Caepio) both had disasters and had major losses
Quintus Servilius Caepio: proconsul convicted following the Battle of Orange for causing the defeat due to his rashness
Battle of Aquae Sextiae 102 BC: led by the re-elected Marius and won over the Celts and Germans
(Marius’) Mules: name given to the legionaries/soldiers because they had to carry so much equipment after Marius's forked stick invention
Centurion: roman officer who commanded 100 soldiers (century)
(Appuleius) Saturninus: tribune of 103/101 who tried to get senate to take oath to establish colonies with Marius (for his vets) and for voting reforms, was killed with an optimare mob
Marcus Aurelius Scaurus (Aurelius corrected from Aemilius): invoked SCU against Saturnius after Marius refused to stop his revolt; called on Marius to carry it out; (very corrupted according to Sallust)
Caius Rabirius: senator responsible for the downfall of Saturninus
Spurius Postumius Albinus: consul of 110, defeated in Jugurthine War
Servilius Glaucia: praetor, Saturninus promised a consulship to him for 99 BC; was killed for his association with Saturninus in 100 BC
Gaius Mallius/Manlius: consul in Battle of Orange, lost badly (two sons, legate, most of army)
Narbo: a veteran colony was established by Lucius Licinius Crassus at Narbo
(Marcus) Fulvius Flaccus: the partisan and friend of Gaius Gracchus and who died at the hands of a senatorial mob, flowing the SCU
Farther Spain: plutarch marius sent out to farther spain as governor
Clupea: Funerary grave markers reveal that Marius settled his veterans (illegally) in Numidia and Africa at Thabraca (Tabarka) and Clupea (Kelibia, Cape Bon).
Celtiberian: fought for rome. Plutarch first service as soldier against the celtiberians
Boiorix: young savage man that killed Marcus Aurelius Scaurus
Quintus Catulus: wanted to block the passes in the Alps, invaded Italy.
Asia Minor: Shamed by his association with Saturninus, and with no hope of a censorship Marius retired from Rome to Asia Minor
Lucius Licinius Crassus: established a veteran colony at Narbo
Servilius Glaucia: praetor, to whom Saturninus had promised a consulship for 99 BC,
Censors: By law, colonies were required to be confirmed by the senate, and colonial status regulated by the censors
Gaius Fundianus: mined coin in rome - commemorate a military victory of Marius in the Cimbrian War.
Thabraca: part of three military campaigns, marius settled his veterans in Numidia at Thabraca (Tabarka)
Octavian/Caesar: Colonization in these areas was eventually regulated under Caesar and Octavian, who as dictators, forced the senate to ratify the foundation of these colonies
Denmark: Celtic and Germanic tribes were pushed out of their territory (Jutland which contains regions of Denmark) as a result of pervasive land hunger

Module #18:

Socius (socii): allies
Q. Mucius Scaevola: consul who passed lex Mucia to expell non-citizens, later made gov. of Asia to clean up equestrian mess
Publius Rutilius: assisted Q. Mucius Scaevola in Asia to reform equestrians but was framed by equestrians for bribery
Gaius Marius: Marius had illegally enfranchised allies to recruit them into his armies; he came out of hiding
95 BC Lex Licinia Mucia: law to expel anyone whose citizenship was in question from Rome; offended allies bc they had been sending their sons of to die for rome
Livius Drusus: tribune of 91 BC who proposed to restore power to the senate, extend roman citizenship to italian allies, open the senate to more new men, an affordable grain and land bill, to debase coinage; was assassinated for failing to keep promises to both the senate and allies
Murder of Livius Drusus 91 BC: he was assassinated by an unknown person in his own house because he couldnt keep his promises to allies nor the senate
Q. Servilius Caepio: expraetor/proconsul; threatened the population for causing trouble and for having agitated for citizenship in his speech; was ambushed and murdered, triggering the social wars
Varius (Hibrida): tribune responsible for pushing the Lex Varia de Maiestate
90 BC Varian Inquest: coalition of equestrians sponsored tribune Varius to establish treason law for anyone helping allies get citizenship; to get some of the senate expelled and prevent business competition
Lex Varia de maiestate 90 BC: proposed by Q. Varius Servius Hibride that anyone helping the allies would be punished
Speech of Servilius (Caepio) 90 BC: He threatened and scolded the population for causing trouble and for having agitated for the citizenship; led to his death
Marsic (Confederation): coalition of allies against Rome with headquarters in Cofinum (had own senate, consuls, praetors, army, and coins)
90 BC Lex Julia de civitate: gave citizenship to anyone who would lay down arms (stopped fighting)
89 BC Lex Plautia Papiria: gave citizenship to all free residents in allied communities who register with a praetor in 60 days
89 BC Lex Pompeia: gave citizenship to residents of Cispadania Gaul and Latin rights to Transpadanian Gaul
Cicero: Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers; governor of Cilicia, wrote on abuses of equestrians and invoked Mucius Scaevola as exemplary governor
Gallia Transpadana: Italy North of Po and south of the Alps
Gaius Gracchus: There was massive anti-Roman sentiment and rebellion as a result of the corrupt system of taxation introduced by Gaius Gracchus
Augur: marius held the post of agur
Quaestio: The law mandated a “citizenship court) (quaestio) where folks with Latin rights who had been living in Rome and enjoying the benefits of Roman citizenship would be charged and stripped of rights they had usurped
Asia: corruption and extortion
Campanian Greeks: the landed aristocracy of umbria, etruria, did not rebel nor did latins, campanians and greek cities in the south -didnt rebel
Latins: didnt rebel
Lucius Cornelius Sulla: campaigned against the Samnite towns in Campania, including Pompeii.
Gaius Papius Mutilius: took Nola “in a contemptuous manner”, and stormed Stabiae, Surrentum, Salernum and Minvervium, previously controlled by Rome
Lucius Cluentius: an Italian leader and a great number of his people, killed by sulla.
Ball throwing ballista: thrown by a Roman ball-throwing ballista. -type of catapult
Hirpini: minatius’ people. Samnite tribe- some were roman loyalists
Minatius Magius: grandfather of Velleius Paterculus
Velleius Paterculus: writes of his grandfathers loyalty
Herculaneum: restored by Herculaneum.
Titus Didius: served as legate for Lucius Julius Caesar in the Social War, then in 89 BC as legate for Salla. Shortly after his successful recapture of Herculaneum for Rome, he died in battle in June of 89 BC
Postumius Albinus: was badly defeated by Jugurtha in a battle at Suthul, while attempting to invade his camp, and he was forced to capitulate. Stoned to death by soliders. an ex-officio consul, who was then serving as legate to Sulla
Eituns (Inscriptions): six oscan graffiti that survived the siege and were discovered between 1797 and 1916. Dated to the social war, reveal the military response of pompeii to sullas force
System of Alliances: used in late republic and imperial period
Distribution of Citizens: into only ten tribes. Remains an issue
Appian Corfinium: the italians political center
Orosius: siege of pompeii
Publius Rutilius Lupus: Caepio had an eclectic military appointment or status: he served in the Social War as a “proconsular legate” of the consular commander Publius Rutilius Lupus, died.