Honors Anatomy Digestion Review

Functions of digestion

-converts food to energy

-repair

-maintenance

-absorption of nutrients

-mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Phases of Digestion

Cephalic phase-triggers vagal stimulation of HCI and Pepsinogen

Gastric phase-uses stretch stimuli to maximize acid secretion

Intestinal phase-initially stimulates, then inhibits, acid secretion

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system

Teeth

tongue

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

Difference between mastication, peristalsis, and segmentation

Mastication-physical breakdown

Peristalsis-moving

Segmentation-mixing with enzymes

3 salivary glands

Paritod-largest, located in front of the ear

Submandibular-below jaw, producing saliva

Sublingual-smallest, under floor of mouth and tongue

Functions of saliva

digestion, swallowing & taste, oral hygiene

What is mumps?

Viral infection that causes painful swelling of the parotid salivary glands

Digestive Enzymes

Amylase-breaks carbs to sugars

Protease-breaks protein to amino acids

Lipase-breaks down lipids

Pepsin-breaks down protein to smaller peptides

Nuclease-breaks down nucleic acids to nucleotides

Function of Bile

-Fat digestion, nutrient absorption, waste elimination, neutralization

-Produced in liver

-stored in gallbladder

Function of HCI

protein digestion, immune defense, mineral absorption

Functions of Gastrin, Secreation, CCK

-controlling digestion

Gastrin-”stomach acid” trigger

Secreation-neutralizer

CCK-fat/protein digestor

What are the simpilest forms of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

-monosaccharides

-fatty acids/glycerol

-amino acids

-nucleotides

What is the difference between the naspharnyx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus?

-The larynx is the airway to the lungs

-trachea is the windpipe

-Esophagus is the tube connecting to stomach

-Nasopharynx is the nasal air passage

-Oropharynx is air/food passage

-larynogopharynx connects esophagus to larynx

What is the function of the flora of bacteria in the colon?

-ferment undigested carbohydrates

-produce vitamins

-protection

-regulate the immune system

Are all the bacteria in the colon beneficial?

no, it includes pathogenic bacteria that is harmful

Why do we have an appendix

Acts as a safe house for beneficial gut bacteria, allowing the body to repopulate the digestive system after illness

What are the locations and functions of the uvula & Epiglottis

-located in the throat

-assist with swallowing and protecting the airway

What is the bolus?

soft chewed mass of food mixed with saliva formed in the mouth

What is chyme

semi liquid, acidic mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices produced in the stomach

What are the four principle layers of the GI Tract

-mucosa

-submucosa

-muscularis externa

-serosa

Dentitions (baby vs. Adult)

Baby- consists of 20 smaller whiter teeth with thinner enamel and large pulp chambers, designed to fall out

Adult-consists to 32 larger teeth, including premolars featuring thicker enamel for a lifetime of use

How long does different foods typically stay in the stomach?

Water-30 minutes

Fruits & Vegtables- 1-2 hours

Grains- 2-3 hours

Dairy- 1.5-3 hours

Lean protein- 3-4 hours

High fat/ red meat- 4-6+ hours