geo exam

Population distribution

How people are spread out on earth

Population density

Number of people in a unit of area

Scale of analysis

Amount of area you’re considering

Local scale

Considering just a town/city

Regional scale

More than local, less than global

Global scale

Considering the whole world

Physical factors

Climate, natural resources, disasters

Human factors

Any way humans modify the earth

Arithmetic density

Synonym for population density

Physiological density

number of people per unit of farmland

Agricultural density

Number of farmers per unit of arable land

Carrying capacity

Number of people planet can support

Infrastructure

Roads, bridges, hospitals, schools, etc.

Urban services

Resources provided to people in cities

Natural resources

Found on earth, used by humans

Population composition

Age, sex, ethnicity traits of population

Population pyramid

Shows age and sex of population

Demographics

Data about human populations

Fertility rate

Average number of children born per female

Infant mortality rate

Number of babies who die before age one

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Number of births in a society in a year

Crude death rate (CDR)

Number of deaths in a society in a year

Life expectancy

Average human lifespan

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Average number of babies per woman

Natural increase rate (NIR)

Number of births and number of deaths

Doubling time/rate

Time it takes a population to double

Demographic transition model

Explain why CBR and CDR change

Sex ratio

Number of males compared to number of females

Malthusian theory

Too many people, not enough food

Epidemiologic transition model

Describes major cause of death

Pronatalist policy

Law to encourage more births

Antinatalist policy

Law to discourage more births

Dependency ratio

Old and young who can’t work for pay

Aging/graying population

High number of elderly people

Overpopulation

More people than available resources

population distributed where (2)

• people tend to stay near water

• Tend to stay away from cold and deserts

5 toos

• too hot

• Too cold

• too hilly

• Too dry

• Too wet

People settle (4)

• low elevation

• Fertile soil

• Temperate climates

• Near a body of water

Ecumene

The habitable areas of the world

Arithmetic meth

Total population/ land area

Physiological meth

Total population / arable land

Agricultural meth

Farmers / arable land

Arithmetic

• doesn’t account for population distribution

• No info on clustering or dispersal

• Population distribution changes based on scale of analysis

Physiological

Projections definition

Scientific method of transferring location onto the surface

Types of projections

• cylindrical → Mercator (cylindar)

• Conical → perspective conic (accurate at mid latitude

• Planar → orthographic (flat bottom + top)

Mercator

• used for exploration/sailing

• Direction + shape preserved (ideal for navigating)

• Area distorted near poles (Greenland, Antarctica)

Gall Peter 1974

• area is true (not Eurocentric)

• Shape is distorted

Good-Homosine 1923

• known as “evil Mercator”

• Built like an orange peel

• Distance distorted around poles

• Oceans are basically gone

• Useless for navigation

Robinson projection 1961

• adapted by national geographic

• Visually appealing

• Area & shape are relatively preserved

Bias

Greenland vs Africa

14 Greenlands can fit in Africa

Relative location

Finding place in relation to another place of landmark

Absolute location

Exact location using address, or coordinates

Latitude (horizontal but measures vertical)

• parallels & equator (0 degrees)

• North & south of equators

• 90 degrees N and S

Longitudes

• meridians + poles

• Prime meridian (0 degrees)

• 180 degrees E & W

• International date line (180 degrees)

Time zones

• 24 time zones

• 6 time zones in Canada

PMCEAN

• pacific

• Mountainous

• Central

• Easter standard

• Atlantic

• Newfoundland

PMCEAN HOUR VIBE

Traveling w - hour

Traveling E + hour

Things affecting time zones

• Mining

• The Rocky Mountains

• Distance to other( South vs North Ontario)

• Politics / Borders

Scales

Show relationship between distance on map & distance on Earth

Direct statement / written scale

• use words

• 1 cm represents 50 km

Linear scales

Using special ruler on map

Representative fraction scale

• ratio

• 1:100,000 1(cm on map):100,000(cm on world)

• Convert second term using metric staircase

• Magic numbers → 100,000 = 1 km

scale of analysis

• level of aggregation

• Unit of land being measured

• Map scale

Level of aggregation

unit of land being measured

• global, global region

• National subnational region

• Local

Map scale

Small scale

• less detail, fatter area covered

large scale

• more detail, small area covered

Focus

Origin of earth quake underground

Epicenter

Origin on earth directly above focus

Cascades subduction zone

• Juan de Fuca plate converging with North American Plate

• Off west coast

• Lots of movement (29 mm/yr) no release of energy

Impacts of quakes

Damage to structures

• concrete, glass, brick → bad

• Wood / steel frames → good

Tsunamis

• coastal zones

Liquifaction

• causes full buildings to topple

Fires

• ruptures gas lines

• Geology

• Intensity / magnitude

• Reflection / refraction

Seismograph

Measures intensity of earthquake

Modified mercalli

Intensity (1-12)

For urban areas

Richter scale

• Measure magnitude (energy scale)

• For non urban areas

• Increased by x32 each time

Moment Magnitude

takes acount:

• strength

• Amount of rock displaced

• Surface area of affect

determines total energy

Good for both urban and non urban areas

Ring of fire

Belt of volcanoes circling Pacific Ocean

Produces 90% of all global earthquakes

LOWERN

• latitude

• Ocean currents

• Wind & air masses

• Elevation

• Relief

• Near water

Latitude (LOWERN)

• closer to equator = hotter cuz sun concentrated on small area

• Far from equator = colder cuz sun spread out

Ocean currents

• bring water to coastal areas

• Warm up or cool down air above them

• Melting glaciers can interrupt / change ocean currents (climate change)

Wind and air masses

take on characteristics of area they come from

Maritime:

• warm

• <25 C

• >1000 mm of precipitation

• V-shaped precipitation graph

• Winter high precipitation

Continental:

• cold

• >25 C

• >1000 mm of precipitation

• Pyramid shaped precipitation

• Summer high precipitation

Elevation

Temperature decreases as elevation increases

Thinning air = less air molecules

Relief

• difference in elevation on earths surface affecting precipitation

• Mountain ranges impact climate cuz they act as barriers for movement of air masses

• Prevailing winds blow W to W in Canada

Relief terms

Windward side → moist

Leeward side→ dry

Near water

• any body of water that isn’t ocean

• Water slows down temperature change in areas around it

• Warm in fall, cold in spring

MAT

• Mean annual temperature

• Add temps from all months then divide by 12

TAP

Total annual precipitation

Add precipitation of all months

Results in mm

Temperature range

Highest temp - lowest temp = range

Months with snow

Months with 0 C or less temp

Growing season

Area above 6 C and below temp line on graph

Forces that shaped the earth

Catastrophism

Uniformitarianism

Catastrophism

The earth was shaped by a series of catastrophes over a short period of time

Uniformitarianism

The earth was shaped slowly by the same processes as today

SADD

Shape

Area

Direction

Distance

Geologic time

Precambrian

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

Structure of earth

• Crust

• Mantle

• Outer core

• Inner core

Tectonic processes

Diastrophic forces

• movement of solid earth

• Folding rock layers (bending)

• Faulting rock layers (breaking)

volcanic forces

• movement of molten matter

• In and on surface

Tectonic plate interactions

• convergent → pushing together

• Divergent → moving away

• Transform → slide past each other

Subduction zone

• happens during convergent plate boundaries

• When ocean plate is forced under continental plate

• Creates volcanoes, trenches, earthquakes

Rift zones

• divergent plate boundaries

• When earths crust pulls apart (plates moving away from each other, creating cracks) - East African rift

• When continental plates diverge, they create rift valleys

Collision zone

• when two continental plates collide (convergent)

• Forms large fold mountains