BEED Course Audit Review: Child and Adolescent Development

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Child and Adolescent Development, Piaget's Cognitive stages, Freud's Psychosexual theory, and Erikson's Psychosocial theory based on the BEED Course Audit Review.

Childhood

The period of human development between the end of infancy ($1-2$ years) to the onset of puberty ($12-13$ years), characterized by rapid physical, mental, and emotional growth.

Adolescence

The transitional stage of physical and psychological development between childhood and adulthood involving puberty, brain maturation, and the search for identity.

Human Growth

A quantitative physical increase in size, height, weight, and cell structure.

Human Development

A qualitative improvement in function, skill acquisition, and maturation, such as motor skills and cognitive reasoning.

Maturation

The natural biological and psychological process of becoming fully grown or emotionally mature, driven by genetics and often referred to as 'ripening.'

Learning

A relatively lasting change in behavior, knowledge, or skill resulting from experience, study, or observation.

Cephalocaudal Trend

A vertical trajectory of development where growth proceeds from the head downward; in prenatal stages, this occurs from conception to $5$ months.

Proximodistal Trend

A pattern of growth where the fetus develops from the inside of the body outwards, typically occurring from $5$ months to birth.

Nature of the Learning Process

A cognitive factor stating that learning complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.

Intrinsic Motivation to Learn

Motivation stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal choice and control.

Id

A structure of personality present at birth that operates on the 'pleasure principle,' demanding immediate gratification of primal urges.

Ego

The deciding agent of personality that operates on the 'reality principle,' mediating between the unrealistic id and the external world.

Superego

The moral conscience of personality that rewards with pride for adhering to ideals and punishes the ego with guilt; largely formed by parental influence.

Fixation

The result of a failure to satisfy the needs of a particular psychosexual stage, leading to specific manifested behaviors in adulthood.

Oral Stage

A psychosexual stage from birth to $18$ months focused on oral pleasures like sucking; fixations include oral receptive and oral aggressive behaviors.

Anal Stage

A psychosexual stage from $18$ months to $3$ years where libido focuses on controlling bowel and bladder movements via toilet training.

Phallic Stage

A psychosexual stage from age $3-6$ where the erogenous zone is the genitals and children may develop the Oedipus or Electra complex.

Latency Stage

A psychosexual stage from age $6$ to puberty where sexual instincts are calm and the focus is on school work.

Genital Stage

The final psychosexual stage from puberty onwards characterized by sexual maturity and urges toward opposite sex peers.

Schema

An individual's system of understanding, comparable to a mental filing cabinet containing folders of experiences.

Assimilation

The process of fitting a new experience into an existing mental schema.

Accommodation

The process of creating a new schema or modifying an existing one to account for new information.

Equilibration

The cognitive balance between the processes of assimilation and accommodation.

Object Permanence

A hallmark of the sensorimotor stage where an infant understands that objects continue to exist even when not perceptible through the senses.

Symbolic Function

A characteristic of the pre-operational stage where children represent objects and events that are not present through make-believe play.

Egocentrism

The tendency for children in the pre-operational stage to assume everyone shares their same point of view.

Centration

The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a thing or event while excluding all other aspects.

Animism

The act of attributing human-like traits or intentions to inanimate objects.

Transductive Reasoning

A type of flawed pre-causal logic where a child connects specific instances directly to other specific instances, assuming a cause-and-effect relationship where none exists.

Conservation

The understanding that properties like number, mass, or volume do not change despite changes in the appearance of an object.

Hypothetical Reasoning

The ability to generate different hypotheses about a problem and weigh data to make a final judgment, typical of the formal operational stage.

Psychosocial Crisis

An internal conflict involving two opposing emotional forces with dispositions that occur at each of Erikson's developmental stages.

Maladaptation

A developmental outcome involving too much of the positive and too little of the negative aspect of a psychosocial task.

Malignancy

A developmental outcome involving too little of the positive and too much of the negative aspect of a psychosocial task.

Hope

The virtue gained in Stage 1 (Trust vs Mistrust) representing the belief that things will work out even when not going well.

Willpower and Determination

The virtue gained in Stage 2 (Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt) from ages $1$ to $3$ years.

Courage

The virtue gained in Stage 3 (Initiative vs Guilt) defined as the capacity for action despite limitations and past failings.

Competency

The virtue gained in Stage 4 (Industry vs Inferiority) defined as the ability to do something especially measured against a standard.

Fidelity

The virtue gained in Stage 5 (Identity vs Role Confusion) representing loyalty and the ability to live by society's standards.

Love (Erikson)

The virtue gained in Stage 6 (Intimacy vs Isolation) achieved through 'mutuality of devotion.'

Caring

The virtue gained in Stage 7 (Generativity vs Stagnation) characterized by being compassionate or showing concern for others.

Wisdom

The virtue gained in Stage 8 (Ego Integrity vs Despair) defined as the ability to make sensible decisions based on personal knowledge and experience.