Week 8 - urinary disorders

What is cystitis?

Infection or inflammation of the bladder

What are the 3 pathophysiological mechanisms of cystitis

Bacterial infection, idiopathic, obstruction

What is the pathophysiology of bacterial cystitis?

Most commonly e.coli ascends from the perineum, up the urethra, into the bladder > bacteria adheres to uroepithelium, avoiding being flushed out > they multiply and release toxins > triggering inflammation, epithelial damage, and irritation

What is the pathophysiology of idiopathic cystitis?

Stress-related neuroendocrine dysfuntion leading to abnormal sympathetic activation > causing neurogenic inflammation of the bladder > reduced GAG layer means urine solutes damage the bladder wall > low cortisol levels impair permeability of the bladder wall

What is the pathophysiology of obstruction?

urinary retention allows bacteria growth

What are the causes of cystitis?

idiopathic, trauma/urethral sphincter dysfunction, urolithiasis, neoplasia

What are the clinical signs of cystitis?

Pollakiuria, strong urge to urinate, haematuria, incontinence, dysuria, urine scalding

What is the management for cystitis?

Pain relief, hydration, urinary diets, reducing stress, access to toilet

What is the nursing care for cystitis?

Monitor urination, crude assessment of urine, IV fluids, low-stress environment, medications, monitor signs of obstruction