Unit 1: The Molecular Basis of Life

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

How many outer shell electrons does it take to stabilize a molecule?

8

What is the atomic number?

The number of electrons in an atom

What pH is exactly neutral?

7

Which elements are most present in life?

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, & carbon

Which elements make up 3.7% of living organisms?

sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, & magnesium

Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure. (be able to list them in order.

Primary - single chain amino acid sequence, peptide bonds

Secondary- alpha helices, beta sheets, hydrogen bonds

Tertiary- side chains interact, fold into one 3D chain

Quaternary- multiple protein chains working together

What is denaturation?

protein change and loss of shape without losing its primary sequence due to change in temperature,

What is specificity in enzymes?

Each enzyme is specific to a particular substrate

What are the key characteristics of enzymes?

Specificity, active site, induced fit, & regulation

What is regulation in enzymes?

Activity is regulated by pH, temperature, & substrate concentration

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can transfer from place to place or be transformed into other forms, but it can't be created or destroyed

Does a saturated fat have single or double bonds?

Single bonds

Does an UNsaturated fat have single or double bonds?

Double bonds

Can humans produce essential fatty acids? Name one.

No, Omega 3 Fatty Acid

How many bonds does a hydrogen atom always have?

4

Name the functional groups.

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, methyl, amino acids, phosphate, Sulfhydryl

Do electrons have mass?

No

What is the charge of an electron?

-1

What is the mass number?

total count of protons and neutrons

What is an anabolic reaction?

Small molecules are built into larger ones, using energy

What is a catabolic reaction?

Breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules, releasing energy

What is the difference between animal and plant polysaccharides?

Glycogen- highly branched chains, stores energy in animals

Cellulose- biopolymer found in plant cell walls

Starch-

What is the full name of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What is the full name of RNA?

Ribonucleic acid

What are the types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, microRNA, rRNA

Does RNA or DNA have ribose, phosphate, & uracil?

RNA

Does RNA or DNA have dianine & deoxyribose?

DNA

What pairs with Alanine?

Thianine

What pairs with Cytosine?

Guanine

Does dehydration synthesis require energy to create new bonds?

Yes

What is a monomer?

A small, simple molecule that acts as a basic building block, capable of chemically bonding with other identical or similar monomers to create polymers

What releases energy to create bonds, & is used to break down polymers into monomers?

Hydrolysis

What is a positive control?

group that receives a treatment known to produce a positive, expected outcome

What is a negative control?

a group in an experiment that does not receive any type of treatment and, therefore, should not show any change during the experiment

List the characteristics of phosphates.

-charged

-ionized to release hydrogen

-acidic

-complex

-characterized by presence of phosphorus

List the characteristics of amino acids.

-charged

-basic

-branched

-characterized by nitrogen presence

-accepts hydrogen to form NH3+

List the characteristics of methyl.

-nonpolar

-simple

-characterized by hydrogen & carbon

List the characteristics of carbonyl.

-polar

-bound to 2 organic side groups

-makes molecules hydrophilic

-double oxygen bond increases polarity

-characterized by hydrogen & carbon

List the characteristics of sulfhydryl.

-polar

-simple

-branched

-characterized by sulfur

List the characteristics of carboxyl.

-charged

-ionized to relesase hydrogen

-acidic

List the characteristics of hydroxyl.

-polar

-hydrophilic

-simple

-characterized by presence of hydrogen and oxygen

Define biodiversity.

the variety of life in the world, habitat, or ecosystem.

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

-all energy transfers result in some lost energy

What 2 key components does cytoplasm contain?

Cytosol (water-based) & the cytoskeleton

What is found inside the nucleus?

Proteins & DNA

What do plant cells contain, that animal cells don't have?

Cell wall, chloroplast, & vacuole

What organelles doe animal cells have, that plant cells don't?

Centrosomes & lysosomes