AP Physics 2 - Fluids

Fluid

liquids and gases, don't maintain a fixed shape, both have ability to flow

4 phases

solid liquid gas plasma

Density

quantity of mass per unit volume
ρ=m/V

Specific Gravity

ratio of the density of a substance to the density of pure water

Pressure

ratio of force to the surface area on which the force acts perpendicular to the surface
P=F/A

pressure in fluid

P=ρgh

unit of pressure

pascal (Pa)
Atmosphere 1atm=1.013✖️10......5N/m^2=101.3kpa

Gauge Pressure

measures difference in pressure between an unknown pressure and atmospheric pressure

Absolute Pressure

sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure

Pascal's Principle

if an external pressure is applied to a confine fluid, the pressure at every point within the fluid increases by that amount

Pascal's Principle equation

F1/A1=F2/A2

barometer

An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure which use mercury manometer with one end closed

buoyant force

the net force on the object exerted by the fluid pressure

buoyant force equation

FB=Fdeep-Fhigh

Archimedes' Principle

a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces

Archimedes' Principle formula

FB=ρfluidgVdisplaced

Streamline Flow

each particle follows a smooth path, the paths do not cross, no loss of energy due to internal friction

Turbulent Flow

irregular movement of particles, loss of energy due to internal friction, tends to increase with velocity

Equation of Continuity

ρ1 X A1 X V1 =ρ2 X A2 X V2 A=area V=velocity

Bernoulli's Principle

where the velocity of fluid is high, the pressure of the fluid is low...

Bernoulli's Equation

P1+1/2pv1^2+pgy1=P2+1/2pv2^2+pgy2