Annoying shit know

Single member plurality system

Uk

Electoral threshold countries

• Sweden

• Israel

• germany

• Turkey

• nl

Electoral threshold for Israel

3.25%

Electoral threshold for Germany

5%

Electoral threshold for Sweden

4%

Electoral threshold for Turkey

7%

Electoral threshold for NL

• 1/150

• 0.67%

International politics

• EU trade policies

• UN climate agreement

national politics

• elections

• lawmaking

Local politics 

• municipal budget 

• urban planning 

Politics operating at different level 

• The Brexit referendum 

different ways of shaping political outcomes 

US :

• business groups (oil companies) influence environmental regulations with lobbying 

• media outlet shape public opinion on climate policies

1st wave countries

• Europe

• North America

2nd wave

germany

italy

Japan

early post colonial independence in parts of asia and Africa

2nd reverse wave

latin america

africa

parts of Asia

3rd wave

• fall of dictatorship in south europe 

• retreat in military rule in latin america 

• democratic transition in asia 

• collapse of communism in Eastern europe and soviet bloc 

democracy in decline in USA

• election controversies 

• political polarization 

• threat to media independence 

full democracy

Norway

canada

flawed democracy

Brazil

india

illiberal democracy

Hungary

turkey

hybrid regime

nigeria

authoritarian regime

North Korea

autocratization

russia

competitive authoritarian

usa

participant culture

germany

netherlands

decline in political trust

spain (econ crisis)

USA (after covid) in

increase in political trust

New Zealand (after covid)

low corruption countries

denmark

Sweden

use of democratic instrument

switzerland

rise of radio

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s fireside chat 

television era

nixon vs kennedy

Internet & social media

Cambridge analytical scandal

Populism and social media

nl

Arab spring

1 dom cleavage

uk

2 cleavage cutting along same line (overlapping)

germany

2 cross cutting cleavage

netherlands

period of polarization

nl : religious vs class

party identification

usa

proportional representation

nl

plurality system

uk

india

usa

majority system

france

netherlands

presidential system

usa

parliamentary system

germany

nl

uk

Sweden

Plurality in election of president

Mexico

philipines

majority in election of president

France

Brazil

prime minister government

germany

coalition government

continental government

minority coalition

nl

Scandinavia

italy

forming of surplus majority government

Hungary : Fidsz —> KDNP (Christian)

Bicameralism

• Brazil

• india

• us

• germany

appointment bicameralism

• canada

• germany

indirect election bicameralism

nl

Brazil

india

unicameral

New Zealand

denmark

Sweden

Iceland

federalism

us

Brazil

india

germany

canada

russia

unitarianism

nl

Sweden

denmark

New Zealand

uk

devolution

uk (scotland, Wales, northern ireland)

decentralization

usa