Period 4 Vocab

Armenian Genocide

The mass extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I, because government believed they were helping the Russians and saw an excuse to remove the ethnic minority from

Fascism/Nazism

A far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life, forces oppression and conservative, and requires racial purification often through propaganda, censorship, and state-controlled media.

Five Year Plans

series of initiatives implemented to help develop the country’s economy, industrialize or urbanize.

Great Depression

economic crisis, where banks lost all investments, leading to mass unemployment and loss of life savings, starting in US and spreading worldwide. Germany was hit with hyperinflation due to printing money, which led to devaluation of the currency and severe economic instability, ultimately contributing to the rise of extremist political movements.

Great Purges

series of campaigns created by Stalin to arrest, execute or use for forced labor of political enemies, received threats, sometimes including members of the communist party who had been corrupted by capitalist ideas.

Holocaust

Genocide against ethnic minorities, specifically jews in Germany and Europe, during the Nazi reign through efficient killing centers that used gas, while others were used as forced labor. Genocide also included anyone deemed “Not pure” homosexuals, handicapped, non christs, not blond with blue eyes.

League of Nations

Organization created by Woodrow Wilson as a way to prevent another World War from occurring by keeping peace between countries, as well as promoting development and equality (freedom for colonies)

Mexican Revolution

Revolution in 1901 from dictatorship in Mexico, which caused a 10 year civil war that ended in nationalization of oil industries from foreign investors and redistribution of land to peasants.

The New Deal

Government plan to help end Great Depression, which had large government spendings on infrastructure projects, retirement plans, social security, all ultimately didn’t work very well until World War 2 broke out and stimulated the industry.

Russian Revolution (1917)

Social revolution to Communism in Russia under the Bolsheviks and lenin, that led to Russia leaving World War 1 to have the revolution and civil war. Lenin becomes head and USSR is started.

Total War

War which includes all civilians, urban areas, and food supplies as target for attacks and mobilized everyone to do something to help war efforts, as women worked in industry while men were at war.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that officially ended World War 1, leading to fall of ottoman empire, demilitarization of germany who also had to pay heavy reparation costs, and the loss of 15% of german territory, as well as colonial holdings. Led to heavy resentment in Germany, which contributed to the rise of nationalist sentiments and ultimately paved the way for World War II.

Anti-Apartheid Movement

Movement in South Africa led to Nelson Mandela against the white minority in charge to get rid of racial segregation, known as Apartheid. Started as Non-violence, until Sharpeville Massacre, when Mandela changed to violent tactics.

Cold War

Non-violent standoff between US and Soviet Union, who both wanted to spread their respective ideologies, leading to many proxy wars and nuclear arms race as both sides stacked up nuclear warheads.

Collectivization

Consolidation of farms into large plots that were controlled by the government to increase produce of export crops, and led to multiple famines that killed millions.

Communism

A far-left authoritarian political system where there is no private ownership, everything is controlled by the state, for “the people”, forces oppression through state-controlled media and censorship.

Cultural Revolution

Campaigns to remove all evidences of the “old way” in China, by removing confucian beliefs, and killing old elites and landlords

Great Leap Forward

Growth in industrial and agricultural through small-scale industrialization in rural areas, which led to cheap quality of goods and largest famine that killed 50 million

Indian National Congress

Congress created by British as a response of growing indian revolts to give them limited power over self-rule, eventually negotiated for freedom from britain —> Gandhi

India/Pakistan Partition

the division of british India into Pakistan and India, leading to mass migration of muslims south and Hindus north, killing millions as violence ensued among them.

Muslim League

muslims rep. during India’s independence negotiations that argued for a separate muslim state in muslim majority states, Pakistan.

NATO

defense treaty between US, Canada, and Europe to defend each other if one gets attacked

Non-Aligned Movement

Movement of countries to not align with one superpower and stay out of the cold war. Led to many taking advantage of both sides to get what they wanted

Nuclear Proliferation

The build-up of enough nuclear weapons to wipe out earth, leading to the deterrence of direct fighting

Military Industrial Complex

A coalition of the armed forces and defense contractors that influences national economic and foreign policy. This relationship can lead to increased military spending and a prioritization of defense initiatives over social programs.

Fundamentalism

A strict adherence to specific theological doctrines typically in reaction to modernity, often resulting in resistance to societal changes and the promotion of a literal interpretation of religious texts. This can create tensions between progressive social movements and traditionalist groups, further polarizing society.

Palestinian Liberation Organization

A group founded in 1964 with the goal of establishing an independent Palestinian state, often seen as the representative of the Palestinian people in their struggle for self-determination.

Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism

Ideologies that advocate for the political and cultural unity of Arab states and African nations, promoting unity and shared cultural heritage of people. Both ideologies emphasize the importance of collective identity and mutual support, yet they can also face criticism for fostering exclusionary nationalism and diverting attention from pressing social issues within individual communities.

Perestroika

restructure of the economy in Russia from complete Government Control to less central planning and based on supply and demand.

Proxy Wars

Wars where superpowers fought each other indirectly by providing support and/or weapons one side.

Soviet-Afghan War

Soviets invaded Afghanistan to support the communist group in charge when an islamic radical group used guerilla warefare to fight against. Led to an unwinnable war that sustained for 10 years due to support from US, Saudi and Iran, and cost Soviet Union a lot of money, which ultimately contributed to its downfall.

Warsaw Pact

Defense treaty between Soviet Union and east European countries under its control, to counteract NATO

White Revolution in Iran

Government controlled land reforms that lead to development of the economy, by buying land from owners and selling them as 30% of their market value, building of dams to increase irrigation, and increasing education and literacy rates

Green Revolution

Scientific development of High-Yield Crops through cross breeding to create crops that have higher yield with more resistence to droughts and pests, as well as better pesticides and fertilizers to help increase crops as well.

European Economic Community

agreement between 6 european countries to help develop their economies post-World War 2.

European Union

political and economic treaty between 27 european countries to allow free trade without any barriers, help defend each other, previously known as European Economic Community.

Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming

An international treaty adopted in 1997 that commits its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that global warming exists and human-made CO2 emissions have caused it.

Liberation Theology

A movement in Christian theology that emphasizes social justice, particularly in response to poverty and oppression, advocating for the liberation of the marginalized and the systematic transformation of society.

Negritude Movement

A cultural and literary movement that emerged in the 1930s, celebrating African identity and heritage while challenging colonial racism and stereotypes, promoting a sense of pride in African culture and values, saying african culture is African way is different but equally correct.

Neoliberalism

A political and economic philosophy that advocates for free-market capitalism, minimal government intervention in the economy, and deregulation, often emphasizing the role of individuals and corporations in driving economic growth.

Pacific Rim Economies

A collective of economies located along the edges of the Pacific Ocean, characterized by rapid economic growth, integration into global markets, and diverse trade relationships, which have significantly impacted regional and global economic dynamics.

Second Wave Feminism

A period of feminist activism that began in the 1960s, focusing on issues such as gender equality, reproductive rights, and workplace discrimination, advocating for broader societal change and aiming to expand the rights and visibility of women in all aspects of life.

United Nations

International organization that succeeded League of Nations to help maintain peace, help sustainable development, and mediate disputes between members.

World Trade Organization

International organization created to help sustainable development, and to regulate and mediate trade disputes.

Sick Man of Europe

Ottoman Empire, which had fallen into decline by the late 19th century due to internal strife and external pressures, and had fallen at the end of World War I, after joining the wrong side with Germany.

Glasnost

removale of censorship and oppressive rules to allow free speech, criticism of the state, and free traveling

Satyagraha Movement

philosophical and political movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in India of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience based on the principle of truth employed to mobilize India against Brit rule

Influenza Pandemic of 1918

Spanish Flu that infected about one-third of the world's population and resulted in approximately 50 million deaths. It occurred in three waves and was notably severe among young adults. The pandemic highlighted vulnerabilities in public health and led to changes in health practices.