The Menstrual Cycle anki erica

How many days does it take to complete a menstrual cycle?

28 days

If a woman is pregnant and you know the day of the last menstrual cycle, when should be the expected date of delivery?

Add 9 to the month, add 7 days to the day, alter the year if necessary, or 280 days.

What is emmenology?

The science of the menstrual cycle.

When does ovulation happen?

16-20 hours after the luteinizing hormone surge.

Is the LH peak positive feedback or negative feedback loop?

Positive feedback

What is the preovulatory phase called in the uterus? in the ovaries?

proliferative phase in the uterus. follicular phase in the ovary.

What is the postovulatory phase called in the uterus? in the ovaries?

Secretory phase. luteal phase.

How much menstrual fluid in total is shed during one cycle?

100 mL +/- 50mL

What does estrogen do?

Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of the uterine wall and proliferates the ductile system of the mammary glands.

What does progesterone do?

Increases the vascularity within the uterus and skin, increases the glandular portion of the mammary gland.

What is a result of the increase of progesterone and increased vascularity?

Varicose veins.

How does the morning-after pill work?

The pill is a high-dose estrogen which causes contraction w/in uterus to expel everything inside the uterus.

At what rate does the fallopian tube sweep the surface of the ovary?

70-80 bpm

What is it called when fertilization happens outside the uterus and it travels to the liver via the hepatic portal vein (most common place)?

Dermoid cyst.

Where should fertilization happen?

At the distal part of the fallopian tube.

How long does it take for the fertilized egg to travel from the fallopian tube to the uterus?

1 week.

When does implantation happen in the uterus?

beginning of the second week of gestation. around day 8.

Where does implantation usually happen in the uterus?

In the upper posterior wall of the uterus.

How is menopause defined?

When a female has no more eggs.

What happens to the uterus during menopause?

involution. atresia.

What is PMS?

Pre-Menstrual Syndrome. Emotionally and physical changes associated with preovulatory phase.

What is endometriosis?

When uterine tissue grows outside the uterus. This tissue changes at the same time as the uterine tissue and causes pain and inflammation.

What is PID? What causes it?

Pelvic inflammatory disease. Sexually transmitted infections.

What causes anovulation?

LH doesn't peak for 24 hours, so ovulation doesn't happen.

What are the 3 prenatal stages?

cleavage = 0-7 days

embry0nic = 8th day - 8 weeks

fetal = 9 weeks to birth

What happens during the embryonic phase?

An embryo goes from a group of cells to resembling the parents.

What are the developmental postnatal phases?

neonatal = 0-4 weeks

infancy = end of week 4-12 months

childhood = end of 1 year-8 years

adolescence puberty = 9-19

adulthood

senescence

death

How long can a sperm live inside the vagina?

72 hours.

How many polar bodies can be seen within the zona pellucida prior to fertilization?

at least 2

When is the blueprint for development made?

first 30 hours after implantation, when the first cell division happens (cleavage phase).

What are fraternal twins?

When the mother produces 2 separate eggs at the same time, eggs fertilized by separate sperm. Only thing that is shared is timing of conception, gestational phases, and delivery. 2 different individuals, each one has it's own placenta, umbilical cord. Dizygotic twins.

What are maternal twins?

They are identical, share one placenta, each one has an umbilical cord. They are identical in all ways except fingerprints and toe prints because each one was moving in different directions. Monozygotic twins.

How do conjoined twins occur?

monozygotic twins who have not separated completely.

When does the zona pellucida disappear? What is the zygote called when the zona pellucida disappear?

5 days, Morula

What is a zygote called on day 6?

Blastocyst.

What makes the 3 germ layers? What is the zygote called after these 3 layers are formed?

Inner germ layer. Gastrula.

What is placenta previa?

If the placenta isn't in the correct place. Bright red blood.

What is abruptio placenta?

The placenta develops in the posterior upper uterus but starts to separate from the uterus prematurely. Dark blood.

As the zygote is connecting with the wall of the uterus during implantation, what are the 2 types of cell called that join to the uterus wall?

Cytotrophoblast

Syncytiotrophoblast

What are the 3 primary germ layers of the gastrula?

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

What are the 4 extra-embryonic structures? what forms them?

yolk sac

chorion

amnion

allantois

The Cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts

What are the 2 epithelial parts of the placenta?

1. villi (embryonic part)

2. decidua basalis (maternal part)

What are the structures of the umbilical cord? What does it look like?

A smiling face. The red mouth is the umbilical vein (carries oxygenated blood), the 2 eyes are the umbilical arteries (carry deoxygenated blood).

What can be used to deliver resuscitative medications to a baby after birth?

The umbilical vein.

How much does the uterus size increase during pregnancy?

1000% (5mL to 5000mL cavity)

When a baby is born, what is the average size?

2.7-3.6kg

How much does a pregnant person's blood, urine, and BMR increase during pregnancy?

Varies, urine can go up 50%, mother's basal metabolic rate can go up 5-25%

Where does the urine go when the baby is in utero? What is it called?

It can do into the amniotic fluid or the umbilical cord (through a tube called uracus)

What fetal circulation gets closed first? Second? When does this happen?

1. umbilical arteries. Don't cut the umbilical cord until it stops pulsating.

2. umbilical vein (if you squeeze it and add more blood volume to baby, then the liver can get overloaded and cause jaundice).

3. ductus venosus: becomes the ligament of teres

4. ductus arteriosus: becomes ligamentum arteriosum

5. foramen ovale: closes and separate the right atrium from the left atrium.

What is the name of the closed umbilical arteries?

Medial umbilical ligaments

What does the urachus become after birth?

median umbilical ligament.

What is parturition?

Labor/delivery

What is most common heart defect in babies?

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD). The foramen ovale didn't close completely. The baby can have bluish discoloration.

What is oligomenorrea? polymenorrea?

scanty bleeding. due to low body fat, abnormal hormones. too much blood.

What needs to happen in order for ovulation to happen?

Ovulation can only happen after LH has peaked for 24 hours.

What does estrogen do to the body during the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen proliferates the endometrium of the uterine wall. it proliferates the ducts of the mammary glands

What does progesterone do during the menstrual cycle?

progesterone stimulates the mammary glands and the uterine vessels to increase in size.

progesterone increases the size of the blood vessels in the skin.

What are two reasons for an anovulatory cycle?

LH didn't peak for 24 hours

a woman may have given birth and be lactating

Where does fertilization happen?

at the ampulla (distal portion) of the fallopian tube

What helps fertilization happen?

1. flagella of the sperm

2. prostaglandins: produce contractions in the female tract

3. cilia in the fallopian tube

"What is one way to estimate the # of weeks pregnancy?"

measure from the symphysis pubis to the fundus of the uterus.20 weeks is at about the bellybutton. 36 weeks is at the xiphoid process

What are the factors that maintain pregnancy?

1. No more production of FSH and LH (instead produce estrogen and progesterone)

2. production of relaxin to relax smooth muscles of the uterus and ligaments

3. production of placenta: produces a number of hormones like hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

4. the fetus produces hormones

What hormones does the placenta produce?

1. HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin

2. HPL: human placental lactogen

3. HCT: human chorionic thyrotropin: thyroid gland of mom produces more thyroid hormones to increase baby's metabolic rate

4. somatomammotropins

What hormones does the fetus produce during pregnancy to help maintain the pregnancy?

1. parathyroid hormone to maintain the calcium level

2. aldosterone secretion increases: to reabsorb sodium from mom, water follows sodium, it also maintains minerals

3. kidney of fetus produces erythropoietin factor: stimulates RBC production

What happens to the breast tissue during pregnancy?

it doubles in size.

What is the name of the fluid that comes in just before milk is produced?

colostrum