Applied Pharmacology Kru Rong

Q1: What is Pharmacodynamics?

The study of Mechanism of Action.

Q2: What is drug action?

Interaction between a drug and cellular components.

Q3: What is drug effect?

The response resulting from a drug action.

Q4: What are the types of drug effects?

"Stimulation

Q5: What are the types of Mechanism of Action?

Non-receptor-mediated and receptor-mediated.

Q6: What are the types of non-receptor-mediated Mechanism of Action?

"Physical action

Q7: What is affinity?

Ability of a drug to bind to a receptor.

Q8: What is intrinsic activity?

Ability of a drug to initiate a response after binding to a receptor.

Q9: What is an agonist?

A drug that binds to a receptor and produces an effect.

Q10: What is an antagonist?

A drug that binds to a receptor but has little or no intrinsic activity.

Q11: What are the combined effects of drugs?

"Additive

Q12: What is drug potency?

Amount of drug required to produce a desired response.

Q13: What is drug efficacy?

Maximum effect of a drug.

Q14: What is drug tolerance?

Need for a higher dose to produce the same response.

Q15: What is drug resistance?

Tolerance of pathogens to antimicrobial action.

Q16: What is therapeutic range?

Drug concentration range producing desired effect with minimal toxicity.

Q17: What is Therapeutic Index?

Median Lethal Dose ÷ Median Effective Dose.

Q18: What are the types of drug interactions?

"Pharmaceutical

Q19: What are the Pharmacokinetic interactions?

"Absorption

Q20: How can absorption interactions be avoided?

Separate administration by at least 2 hours.

Q21: What are the Pharmacodynamic interactions?

"Additive

Q22: Additive effect?

1 + 1 = 2

Q23: Synergistic effect?

1 + 1 > 2

Q24: Antagonistic effect?

1 + 1 < 2

Q25: What are the respiratory drugs?

"Beta2-adrenergic agonists

Q26: Uses of Beta2-adrenergic agonists?

"Asthma

Q27: Types of Beta2-adrenergic agonists?

Short-Acting Beta2-Agonists and Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists.

Q28: Examples of Short-Acting Beta2-Agonists?

"Albuterol

Q29: Examples of Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists?

"Formoterol

Q30: Pharmacodynamics of Beta2-adrenergic agonists?

Relax airway smooth muscle → bronchodilation → increased airflow.

Q31: Pharmacotherapeutics of Beta2-adrenergic agonists?

"Asthma

Q32: What are anticholinergics?

Anticholinergic antagonists.

Q33: What is Ipratropium hydrobromide?

Bronchodilator used in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Q34: Uses of Ipratropium hydrobromide?

"COPD

Q35: What are leukotriene modifiers?

Drugs for prevention and long-term control of mild asthma.

Q36: Types of leukotriene modifiers?

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Leukotriene Formation Inhibitors.

Q37: Examples of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists?

"Zafirlukast

Q38: Example of Leukotriene Formation Inhibitor?

Zileuton.

Q39: Pharmacodynamics of leukotriene modifiers?

Block leukotriene action and formation.

Q40: Uses of leukotriene modifiers?

Mild to moderate asthma.

Q41: What are mast cell stabilizers?

Drugs for prevention and long-term control of asthma.

Q42: Example of mast cell stabilizer?

Cromolyn sodium.

Q43: Pharmacodynamics of mast cell stabilizers?

Stabilize mast cells and decrease inflammatory mediator release.

Q44: Uses of mast cell stabilizers?

Prevention and long-term control of asthma.

Q45: What are methylxanthines?

Drugs used for breathing disorders.

Q46: Examples of methylxanthines?

Theophylline and Aminophylline.

Q47: Pharmacodynamics of methylxanthines?

Relax bronchial smooth muscle and reduce bronchospasm.

Q48: Uses of methylxanthines?

"Asthma

Q49: What are expectorants?

Drugs for wet cough.

Q50: Example of expectorant?

Guaifenesin.

Q51: Pharmacodynamics of Guaifenesin?

Thins mucus and helps clear airways.

Q52: Use of Guaifenesin?

Wet cough.

Q53: What are antitussives?

Drugs that suppress dry cough.

Q54: Examples of antitussives?

"Benzonatate

Q55: Pharmacodynamics of Codeine?

Suppresses cough center in medulla.

Q56: Use of antitussives?

Serious dry cough.

Q57: Types of urology drugs?

Diuretics and urinary tract antispasmodics.

Q58: What are diuretics?

Drugs that increase excretion of water and electrolytes.

Q59: Uses of diuretics?

"Renal disease

Q60: Thiazide diuretics examples?

"Hydrochlorothiazide

Q61: Mechanism of Thiazide diuretics?

Decrease sodium reabsorption and increase water excretion.

Q62: Uses of Thiazide diuretics?

Hypertension and edema.

Q63: Loop diuretics examples?

"Furosemide

Q64: Mechanism of loop diuretics?

"Decrease Na+

Q65: Uses of loop diuretics?

Edema and hypertension.

Q66: Potassium-sparing diuretics?

Weak diuretics conserving potassium.

Q67: Examples of potassium-sparing diuretics?

"Spironolactone

Q68: Mechanism of potassium-sparing diuretics?

Act on collecting tubule to excrete sodium and water.

Q69: Uses of potassium-sparing diuretics?

"Edema

Q70: Osmotic diuretics examples?

"Mannitol

Q71: Mechanism of osmotic diuretics?

Increase osmotic pressure and water excretion.

Q72: Uses of osmotic diuretics?

"Cerebral edema

Q73: What are urinary tract antispasmodics?

Drugs that relax urinary smooth muscle.

Q74: Examples of urinary tract antispasmodics?

"Oxybutynin

Q75: Mechanism of urinary antispasmodics?

Decrease parasympathetic activity and relax bladder muscle.

Q76: Uses of urinary antispasmodics?

"Overactive bladder

Q77: What are GI drugs used for?

"Acidity

Q78: Proton pump inhibitors examples?

"Omeprazole

Q79: Mechanism of PPIs?

Block proton pump and reduce acid secretion.

Q80: Uses of PPIs?

"Peptic ulcers

Q81: Types of antacids?

Systemic and non-systemic.

Q82: Mechanism of antacids?

"Neutralize acid

Q83: Systemic antacid example?

Sodium bicarbonate.

Q84: Non-systemic antacids?

"Calcium carbonate

Q85: H2 blockers examples?

"Cimetidine

Q86: Mechanism of H2 blockers?

"Block H2 receptors

Q87: Uses of H2 blockers?

"Ulcers

Q88: Mucosal protective agents?

"Sucralfate

Q89: Mechanism of mucosal protectants?

Form protective barrier over ulcers.

Q90: Uses of Sucralfate?

Peptic ulcers.

Q91: Uses of Misoprostol?

Peptic ulcers.

Q92: Uses of Bismuth subsalicylate?

"Diarrhea

Q93: H. pylori eradication drugs?

"PPIs

Q94: Triple therapy?

PPI + Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin/Metronidazole/Tetracycline.

Q95: Quadruple therapy?

PPI + Metronidazole + Tetracycline + Bismuth.

Q96: Antidiarrheal types?

Absorbents and opioids.

Q97: Absorbent examples?

"Kaolin

Q98: Opioid antidiarrheals?

"Loperamide

Q99: Antiemetic types?

"NK1 antagonists

Q100: NK1 antagonist use?

Chemotherapy-induced vomiting.