Medieval World-Exam 2 (BelmontU/Bisson)

Peace of God

church decree that forbade knights to pillage church property and extended protection to all noncombatants in society

Truce of God

A rule enacted by the medieval Church forbidding warfare during certain holy days of the year such as Lent

Clermont, France

where the Council of Clermont was called by Pope Urban II around 1095. It was where Urban considered the appeal and decided to call the crusades.

Armed Pilgrimage

Urban II had to find a way to connect the idea of sanctifies warfare into the Church's theological context and did by framing it as a _____________

Urban II

Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

Alexius I

Byzantine emperor who asked Pope Urban II for Christians to help him fight the Turks. This was the beginning of the 1st Crusade

Kerbogha

head of relief for the Crusades, a muslim

Peter Bartholomew

was a soldier and mystic from France who was part of the First Crusade. claiming to have visions of the infamous lance used on Jesus, stating it was in Antioch. forced to endure trial by fire to verify his visions (*he survived initially so they went to Antioch)

Godfrey of Bouillon

a French knight and Duke of Lower Lorraine in the Holy Roman Empire who led one of the First Crusades and helped establish the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem (called advocatus, or defender of Jerusalem)

Raymond of Toulouse

French leader of 1st Crusade, constantly sought to expand OWN territories, small detour from trip to Antioch to acquire small areas for himself, later establishes Tripoli as crusader kingdom

Bohemond of Taranto

1058-1111

Leader/knight. Became prince of Antioch. 7 ft tall valiant warrior, uncle to Tancred

Tancred

Norman leader in the First Crusade who helped capture of Jerusalem; later rules Crusader kingdom of Antioch alongside his uncle Bohemond

Baldwin of Edessa

establishes 1/4 crusader kingdom (Edessa) as well as Jerusalem

Antioch

The city attacked after Edessa and was considered almost the equal to Jerusalem.

Adhemar of Le Puy

Was the popes representative on the first crusade, the acting "adult in charge" so to speak, aided in resolving crusader leader personal disputes

Fatimids

Muslims taking radical action in persecuting Jews and Christians during the period of the Crusades

lay investiture

broad definition: appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy and narrow definition: the ceremony in which a churchman receives his spiritual symbols

Spiritualia

ring (symbolized marriage to god) and staff (represents a shepherds hook)

Temporalia

bell chord/key (represents keys to heaven)

Henry IV

German King who succeeds his father at 5 leading to a long regency which leads to vassals building adulterine castles. Prisoner of different noble factions throughout childhood leads him to be distrustful of others' words and deceitful with his own. Defeats elected anti-king Rudolf and continues meddling in papal affairs which results in his second excommunication and he decides to invade Italy as a result

Gregory VII

Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with (and excommunicated twice) Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture. formerly known as Monk Hildebrand

Canossa (1077)

When Henry IV prostrated himself outside Gregory's castle retreat in order to get the pope's "forgiveness."

Cluny

A new French monastery where monks strictly followed Benedictine rule. founded by William Count of the Aquitaine and St. Berno (Count looking to "buy" his way into heaven and offers a piece of his land for a monastery)

Concordat of Worms

A compromise between the king and the Pope that started that the church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff (church power) but his power could be vetoed by the king (removes power of lay investiture in its narrow sense)

Cistercian monks

monks who wanted less riches and a more spiritual, simpler way of life, formed in opposition to Cluniac order and contradicted cluniacs by not focusing on communal prayer as ultimate goal of a monastery and by having cistercian monastery daughter houses using abbots.

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Co-founder of the Cistercian Order; mystic; dedicated time to writing and studying Scripture and the Fathers of the Church; outspoken critic of the mistreatment of Jews during the Crusades.

Peter Abelard

(1079-1142) Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine, establishes idea of scholasticism

Scholasticism

based heavily upon 1. philology (study of words and their meanings) and 2. the teachings of Aristotle

"dwarves sitting on the shoulders of giants"

the medieval perspective that the minds of the past are greater than their own but that they themselves are further along due to the availability of past knowledge

Lectio

early morning lectures, 5-6 am

Questiones

questions asked at lectios

Responsio

answer to the question, subject to criticism by one's peers and master(s)

determinatio

the final answer as determined by the master

Bologna

Top university in Europe for studying Roman law, founded by the students rector, intended for what would now be "graduate students" (i.e. 20-30 years old)

Universitas

an association of people gathered together for the purpose of learning

rector

student who leads other students

collegium

a group in which each member has approximately equal power and authority- a group of masters

licentia docendi

A license to teach

Cathedral Schools

Schools organized by bishops and archbishops in France and northern Italy whose liberal arts curricula often offered instruction in law, medicine, and theology.

Notre Dame

Our Lady

Left Bank

the prominent area for universities, the left bank of the Seine River

Latin Quarter

area on the left bank of Paris where students were forced to speak Latin; artsy region

Romanesque

a style of architecture developed in Italy and Western Europe (1050-1200) a heavy, solid architectural style which was characterized by round arches, great stone portals, rich decoration and massive stone walls.

Durham Cathedral

Romanesque cathedral example in England

Chartes

A city in Northwestern France, noted for it's cathedral containing the tunic of the Virgin Mary

Gothic

A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries relating to a style of church architecture featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires

Abbot Suger

in the 12th century, he built the Church of Saint Denis, the premier model of Gothic architecture

Manor

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

3 field system

The field rotation system of the Middle Ages that kept one field barren per season

week work

the obligatory 2-3 days of labor that a serf must perform for the lord and 2-3 days for their own land

Boon work

extra days of unpaid work for the lord when ploughing or harvesting or digging for building needed to be carried out

Heriot

payment to feudal lord upon death of tenant farmer (i.e. the lord gets best beast when you die)

Merchet

the fine paid to the lord in the case of a peasant daughter marrying off the manor (compensation for the loss of working hands)

Tallage

feudal tax of a lord on tenants; any tax or toll

cheavage

a "head tax", an example of tallage in which a peasant would kneel before their lord with a coin on their head

burgus

a fortified place, where towns/cities are developed around in medieval Europe (could be a castle or a monastery, etc.)

elementary liberties

things necessary to engage in trade, personal freedom from manorial routine (vassalage), perpetual market ( buy and sell all year round)

advanced liberties

self-governing where law merchant applies as opposed to laws by commune

commune

sworn allegiances of mutual defense among the citizens of towns/cities

burgage tenure

where burgesses hold tenements of the king or a lord usually for a fixed money (rent)

gild

an organized people of a specific craft ("mystery")

femme sole

a woman pursuing a craft different than her husband

Le Menagier de Paris

- French medieval guidebook from 1393 on a woman's proper behavior in marriage and running a household - written in the (fictional) voice of an elderly husband addressing his younger wife, the text offers a rare insight into late medieval ideas of gender, household, and marriage

Lincoln Rule

if any woman that has a husband has her own business, then her husband cannot be charged or held to repay the debts of his wife. (allows for femme soles to exist)

WIFE OF BATH-chaucer's opinion

Written, by Chaucer, a perspective by women on the practice of marriage.

Henry II (1154-1189)

Credited for transforming the jury system and the royal court structure. He also operated the writ system, where if you wanted to be heard in court, you needed to obtain a Writ from the King's Chancery. great grandson to William the Conqueror

Richard I the Lionheart

Brother was King John. Launched the 3rd crusade to retake Jerusalem after Saladin captured it. He took Aere, but could not take Jerusalem. a valiant warrior and well respected man and king

King John

King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.

Scutage

money paid by a vassal to his lord in lieu of military service ("shield money")

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Runnymede

a meadow near London where King John was cornered by his barons and made to sign the Magna Carta

William Marshall

Extremely successful knight who is given the Countess of Pembroke as a reward for his wins in combat. Takes Henry III under his wing and seeks to get him back in power after Prince Louis threatens the Throne following John's death. Relieves Siege at Lincoln to allow the party to propose amnesty to the french and the barons regarding their rebellion.

Henry III (1216-1272)

John's heir, under the influence of his "royalist party" (Marshall and Guala)

Cardinal Guala

sent by Pope Innocent III to advise 9 year old King Henry III.

Parliamentum

an early form of Parliament, an assembly of the King's men dealing with matters of State and Law

Great Council

A group of Nobles that advised the king. It eventually became the English Parliament.

Papal Monarchy

During the Middle Ages, the popes had gained control over the Catholic Church. They also had gained control of territories in central Italy known as the Papal States. Their enormous power during this time gave them both religious (papal) and political (monarchy) power.