Cells 15

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Last updated 3:15 AM on 6/7/26
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62 Terms

1
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What is the purpose of meiosis?
To produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
2
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What is a haploid cell?
A cell containing one set of chromosomes (n).
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What is a diploid cell?
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).
4
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What is the diploid chromosome number in humans?
46.
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What is the haploid chromosome number in humans?
23.
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What are gametes?
Sperm and egg cells.
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What is fertilization?
The fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.
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Why can't gametes be produced by mitosis?
The chromosome number would double every generation.
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What is the sexual life cycle?
Meiosis → gametes → fertilization → zygote → mitosis → adult.
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What is meiosis?
A specialized cell division that halves chromosome number.
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How many rounds of DNA replication occur in meiosis?
One.
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How many rounds of cell division occur in meiosis?
Two.
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How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?
Four.
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Are the products of meiosis genetically identical or different?
Genetically different.
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What separates during Meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes.
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What separates during Meiosis II?
Sister chromatids.
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What are homologous chromosomes?
A chromosome pair consisting of one maternal and one paternal chromosome.
18
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What are sister chromatids?
Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.
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What is synapsis?
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I.
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In which stage does synapsis occur?
Prophase I.
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What is crossing over?
The exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids.
22
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Between which chromatids does crossing over occur?
Non-sister chromatids.
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What is a chiasma (chiasmata)?
The physical site where crossing over occurs.
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Why is crossing over important?
It creates genetic diversity.
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What happens during Prophase I?
Synapsis and crossing over occur.
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What happens during Metaphase I?
Homologous chromosome pairs line up at the metaphase plate.
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What lines up on the metaphase plate during Metaphase I?
Chiasmata.
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What happens during Anaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes separate.
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Do sister chromatids separate in Anaphase I?
No.
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What happens during Telophase I and Cytokinesis?
Two haploid cells are formed.
31
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Are chromosomes duplicated after Meiosis I?
Yes.
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What happens during Prophase II?
A spindle forms in each haploid cell.
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What happens during Metaphase II?
Chromosomes align individually at the metaphase plate.
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What lies on the metaphase plate during Metaphase II?
Centromeres.
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What happens during Anaphase II?
Sister chromatids separate.
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What happens during Telophase II and Cytokinesis?
Four haploid cells are produced.
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How many chromosomes are present in each final meiotic product in humans?
23.
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What is independent assortment?
Random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during Metaphase I.
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Why does independent assortment increase diversity?
It creates different chromosome combinations in gametes.
40
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What is the formula for possible gametes from independent assortment?
2^n.
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What does n represent in the formula 2^n?
The haploid chromosome number.
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How many possible gametes can humans produce through independent assortment alone?
8,388,608.
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What are the three sources of genetic diversity in sexual reproduction?
Independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization.
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What is random fertilization?
The random fusion of sperm and egg.
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Why is genetic diversity important?
It helps populations adapt and evolve.
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How does meiosis contribute to evolution?
It generates genetic variation.
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How many cells are produced by mitosis?
Two.
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How many cells are produced by meiosis?
Four.
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Are mitotic daughter cells genetically identical?
Yes.
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Are meiotic daughter cells genetically identical?
No.
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Does mitosis involve crossing over?
No.
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Does meiosis involve crossing over?
Yes.
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What is the chromosome number change during mitosis?
2n → 2n.
54
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What is the chromosome number change during Meiosis I?
2n → n.
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What is the chromosome number change during Meiosis II?
n → n.
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What separates in mitotic anaphase?
Sister chromatids.
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What separates in Anaphase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes.
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At metaphase of mitosis in a human cell, how many chromatids are present?
92 chromatids.
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What is the most important event of Prophase I?
Crossing over between non-sister chromatids.
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What is the most important event of Anaphase I?
Separation of homologous chromosomes.
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What is the most important event of Anaphase II?
Separation of sister chromatids.
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What is the final outcome of meiosis?
Four genetically distinct haploid cells.