UNL Phil 101 final

Validity

The conclusion follows the premisses, the conclusion cant be false if the premises are true.

Soundness

when a deductive argument is valid and all the premises are actually true.

necessary condition

a condition that must be present for an event to occur

sufficient condition

a condition that will bring about another event

Idealism

the Mind created matter and everything physical

Physicalism

The body and matter created everything mental.

Dualism (Descartes)

The idea that mind and body are separate but intertwined, impossible for one to exist without the other.

3-O God

omniscient(all-knowing), omnipotent(unlimited power), omnibenevolent(all-loving, or infinitely good).

Virtue-based ethics

Right actions are produced by virtuous people.

Determinism

Every event is causily determined by the past and the laws of nature. Hard(determinism is incompatible with free will. Soft(Is compatible with free will).

Problem of Evil

If a 3-O God existed there would be no evil, but there is evil, so a 3-O God doesn't exist.

Locke on personal identity

Personal identity is a matter of psychological continuity. He considered personal identity (or the self) to be founded on consciousness (viz. memory), and not on the substance of either the soul or the body.

Problem of Induction

There is no reason to believe the future will resemble the past(Can't know that the sun will rise tomorrow.)

Nietzsche, Marx, and Frye

Nietzsche(Will to power) - The will to power describes what Nietzsche may have believed to be the main driving force in humans - achievement, ambition, and the striving to reach the highest possible position in life.

Marx(Means of Production) - social stratification results directly from the relationship individuals have with the means of production. If you own the means of production, such as a factory, you are a member of the ruling, capitalist, wealthy class

Frye(Group oppression between men and women) - Women face restrictions which, on-balance, are harmful to them; they are imposed by social structures and expectations, and even within the law; women face them because of their status as women

Aristotle's Happiness

believes in human flourishing when people live an active life. also believes in the golden mean, but idk if that's on the test.

Necessary and Sufficient Condition

a condition that is required and enough for something to occur

Act-based Ethics

Some acts are right or wrong because of the sorts of things they are, and people have a duty to act accordingly, regardless of the good or bad consequences that may be produced.

libritarianism

free will in people causes them to be able to make choices by themselves, not from past causes.

hard determinism

People don't have free will and all actions are caused by past causes.

Soft Determinism

the belief that human behavior is the result of choices and decisions from the past but people still have free will.

Decartes Mind and Body

believes that the mind and body are distinct and different substances

Hobbes state of nature

said life was poor, brutish, and short, with war of all against all

Anselm's Ontological Argument

THE ontological argument

- God is the greatest being imagined

- God exists in the mind

- If he exists in the mind and in reality he is the greatest

Kant Moral Theory

believes actions are right if they are motivated by duty and universal rights and wrongs, treats humanity as a end and not a means

Aquinas' Second Way

-everything has a cause

-there can't be an infinite series of causes

-nothing can cause itself

-the first cause would have to be god

-god must exist

Mills moral theory

The action we ought to perform in a given situation is the one that promotes the most happiness (utalitarianism)