ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION

Form and function

Relationship between structure of an organism and how it works

Divergent evolution

Evolution of different traits from a common ancestor

Convergent evolution

Evolution of similar traits in unrelated species

Surface area to volume ratio

Ratio affecting exchange of materials with environment

Diffusion

Movement of substances from high to low concentration

Hierarchy

Levels of organization in organisms

Cells

Basic unit of life

Tissues

Groups of similar cells with common function

Organs

Structures made of multiple tissues

Organ systems

Groups of organs working together

Organism

Complete living individual

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers surfaces and lines cavities

Connective tissue

Tissue that supports and binds other tissues

Muscle tissue

Tissue responsible for movement

Nervous tissue

Tissue that processes and transmits information

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions

Negative feedback

Response that counteracts a change

Positive feedback

Response that amplifies a change

Thermoregulation

Maintenance of internal body temperature

Endotherms

Animals that generate heat internally

Ectotherms

Animals that rely on external heat sources

Integumentary system

Skin, hair, and nails for protection and insulation

Circulatory system

System that transports blood and regulates heat

Shivering

Heat production through muscle activity

Nonshivering thermogenesis

Heat production without muscle movement

Behavioral thermoregulation

Actions taken to control body temperature

Torpor

State of decreased activity and metabolism

Hibernation

Long-term dormancy to conserve energy