Developmental Psychology: Milestones, Theories, and Social Behavior

Normative approach

using norms when children reach events like walking

Developmental Milestones

ages where events such as walking and talking occur

Nature vs Nurture

What is learned vs what is natural

Psychosexual theory of development

Made by:

What is it:

Unsupported or still supported:

1. Sigmund Freud

2. states children seek urges that are focused on different parts of the body

3. Unsupported

Psychosocial theory

Made by:

What is it:

1. Erick Erikson

2. Each stage is a task that must be completed or resolved for successful development

Cognitive development

Made By:

What is it:

1. Jean Piaget

2. a series of childhood experiences learning, memorizing, and language

Concrete Operational stage

can think logically abt concrete objects

Formal Operation stage

11+ can deal with abstract ideas

Moral Development

Made by

What is it

1. Lawrence Kholburg

2. Presented them with moral stories to see their responses.

Germinal Period

First 2 weeks of pregnancy, from conception to attachment to the uterine wall

Embryonic stage

Weeks 3-8, where the organ, the brain, and the spinal cord develop

Fetal stage

Weeks 9-40, where organs and the brain continue to grow and develop

terotagen

any factor that can cause damage to the embryo developing

- drugs

-alcohol

-ect

Authoritarian style

Overly strict provides little warmth

Permissive style

Rarely uses punishment, overly involved, kids basically rule

Uninvolved style

neglectful, little structure and support

authoritative style

reasonable demands and set rules, warm and supportive

Intrinsic motivation

based on internal factors like enjoyment

extrinsic motivation

based on external factors or rewards

What is drive theory?

Motivation by physical needs that create psychological drives.

What is the purpose of psychological drives in drive theory?

To meet physical needs in order to restore homeostasis.

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law state about simple tasks?

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are high.

What effect do lower arousal levels have on performance of simple tasks according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Lower arousal levels cause lower scores.

Sef efficacy

An individual's ability to complete a task

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

One must address the lower-level needs before the higher ones can be met

Jamea Lang's theory

People first experience physiological arousal, then feelings

Cannon-Bard theory

Psychological changes and emotions occur at the same time

Schacter-Singer two-factor theory

Emotions depend on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

Id

Unconscious, primitive drives, urges, seeking immediate gratification (Little devil)

super ego

According to Freud, moral right and wrong

Ego

The self is rational and balances the id and super ego

Alfred Adler's inferiority complex

Feeling inferior in childhood motivates people to gain superiority in life

Carl Jung: Collective Unconscious

common psychological tendencies that have been passed down for generations

Karen Horney (Neo-Freudian)

Coping styles

socio-cultural perspective

learning and cognitive play in personality development

reciprocal determination

cognitive processes, behaviors, and situational factors all interact to form personality

locos of control

a set of beliefs about whether one's behaviour is controlled mainly by internal or external forces

five factor model

1. Openness

2. Conscientiousness

3. Extraversion

4. Agreeableness

5. Neuroticism

disposition internal factors

personality traits and temperament

situation

immediate environment or surroundings

actor observer bias

the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

self serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

just-world hypothesis

the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

social roles

patterns of behavior that are expected of a person in a given setting or group

social norm

group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

Scripts

a person's knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?

An experiment conducted in a prison to study the psychological effects of perceived power.

What happened to the inmates in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

The inmates quickly adapted to their assigned roles.

What was a significant outcome for the inmates in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

They became distressed due to their roles.

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.

What happens when our awareness of our attitudes and actions clash according to cognitive dissonance theory?

We can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

justification of effort

the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain

centeral rout

logic driven

perfrial indirect

uses association

foot in the door

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

door in the face

people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request

cenformity

a change in a person's behavior to fit in

Normative social influence (NSI)

people conform to the group to fit in (Peer pressure)

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Freud's Defence Mechanisms: Repression

blocking thoughts

Freud's Defence Mechanisms

Denial

refusing to accept real events

Freud's Defense Mechanisms: Displacement

Transferring urges onto a more acceptable or less threatening target.

Freud's Defense Mechanisms: Projection

Projecting unacceptable desires to others

Freud's Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization

justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reasons

Freud's Defense Mechanisms: reaction formation

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs opposed to your own

Freud's Defense Mechanisms: Regression

returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

Freud's Defense Mechanisms: Sublimation

redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

Freud's personality theory

id, ego, superego