Chapter 21 Chemistry Review

Who is Doris Zeul?

Giganta

What are protons/neutrons scientifically called?

Nucleons

What are atoms scientifically called?

Nuclides

What is the mass for protons to determine mass defect?

1.007276 amu

What is the mass for neutrons to determine mass defect?

1.008665 amu

What is the mass for electrons to determine mass defect?

0.0005486 amu

How do you calculate mass defect of an element And then the Nuclear Binding Energy?

Multiply the mass of each (protons, neutrons, electrons) by the number of nuclides and electrons, and then subtract the final value from the value that is provided in the table. Take this value and multiply it by 1.6605 × 10^-27 kg to convert the atomic mass to kg which will be used in E = mc². Take this value, multiply it by (3×10^8)². To find the binding energy per nucleon, divide this value by the value of the protons and neutrons added up. This answer is in Joules.

What is the ideal ratio of neutron to proton for something to be stable? Both on the low end and the high end

Low end; 1.5n:1p

High end; 1n: 1p

What is the nuclear shell model?

Nucleons live in “shells” energy levels

For Nuclear Reaction Transmutations, state where the mass and atomic numbers are placed next to each element

Mass Number is On Top

Atomic Number is On Bottom

What is radioactive decay?

Nucleus breaks down into smaller nuclei by releasing particles and energy through radiation

What transmutation is incorporated in alpha emissions? Is it a reactant or product?

4/2 He; right

What transmutation is incorporated in beta emissions? Is it a reactant or product?

0/-1 B; right

What transmutation is incorporated in positron emissions? Is it a reactant or product?

0/1 B; right

What transmutation is incorporated in electron capture? Is it a reactant or product?

0/-1 e; left

Definition of Gamma emission

Gamma rays can be emitted; the mass and atomic numbers don’t change

Definition of Half-life

Time required for ½ of a sample to decay

Definition of Roentgen

Way to measure nuclear radiation exposure gamma and X-Ray radiation that produces 2 × 10^9 ion pairs when radiation passes through 1cm³ of air

What does REM stand for? What is the average amount of REM a human obtains?

Roentgen Equivalent Man; .1 rem - .5 rem

What are film badges used for?

Uses exposure of film to detect radiation

Geiger-Miller Counter Definition

By Counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation

Scintillation Counter Definition

Converts scintillating light to an electrical signal when an object absorbs radiation and then emits light

What is Radioactive Dating?

Presence of certain isotopes and their Half lives to determine an objects age

What do radioactive tracers do in medicine? How about fertilizer?

Track biological processes, diagnose diseases, and treat specific cancers/

Kill harmful bacteria

Nuclear Waste definition

Spent fuel rods go in the pool then into casks and into one of the 77 US caves; the water absorbs radiation

Definition of Nuclear Fission

Heavy Nuclei Splits; becomes stable of a smaller mass

Definition of Chain Reaction

Material that starts the reaction is also a product —> this contains the reaction; mainly neutrons

What is critical mass?

Minimum amount of nuclide that provides the necessary neutrons

What are the 5 components of Nuclear Power Plants?

1. Shielding

2. Fuel rods/uranium-235

3. Control Rods → absorbs neutrons

4. Moderator → Slows neutrons

5. Coolant → absorbs heat and transfer

What is Nuclear Fusion?

Smaller nuclei are merged together

What is Decay Series?

Series of nuclides produced by decay parent nuclide

Artificial Transmutation Definition

Speed up particles/slam in to transuranium elements - atomic #s higher than 92