BIO Exam 3

(29) Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryotic, multicellular, photoautrotrophs, cell walls

(29) Cell walls made of:

Cellulose

(29) “Green plants” includes:

Land plants and green algae

(29) What is excluded in “green plants”

Red and brown algae

(29) All green plants arose from:

A single species of fresh water algae

(29) 2 clades of green algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Charophytes definition

Similar to ancestor that evolved into land plants

(29) Derived characteristics of plants (not found in Charophytes)

Alternation of generations

Plants are embryophytes

(29) Embryophytes

Multicellular, dependent embryo is retained in female gametophyte

(29) Haplodiplontic life cycle: Alternation of generations

Multicellular haploid gametophyte s and multicellular diploid sporophytes take turns producing each other

(29)Land plants adaptations for living on land:

Roots and shoots

Waxy cuticle

Stomata

Some plants: vascular tissue(xylem and phloem), pollen, seeds

(29) Non vascular plants

Bryophytes

Still rely on water

Gametophyte dominant

(29)Nonvascular plants still rely on water meaning:

Swimming sperm and no transport system

(29)Nonvascular plants still rely on water meaning:

Swimming sperm and no transport system

(29) Nonvascular plants, gametophyte dominant meaning:

Sporophyte-small and dependent

(29) 3 clades of Nonvascular plants

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

(29) Mosses gametophytes

Small, leaflike structures around a stemlike axis

No true leaves- no vascular tissue

(29) Mosses anchored by:

Rhizoids (no true roots)

(29) Mosses: What forms at the tips of gametophytes?

Multicellular gametangia

(29) Mosses: Gametangia female and male

Archegonia- produces eggs

Antheridia- produces sperm - flagellated sperm must swim in water

(29) Mosses life cycle

(29) Plant phylogeny

(29) Seedless vascular plants are not:

Monophyletic group

(29) Seedless vascular plants clades

Monilophytes

Lycophytes

(29) Seedless vascular plants: Monilophytes

Clade

Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails

(29) Seedless vascular plants, Lycophytes

Clade

Club moss

(29) Vascular tissue in seedless vascular plants

Xylem and Phloem

(29) What does the vascular tissue in seedless vascular plants do/ where is it found?

Transport water, nutrients and provides support

Only found in sprophyte (not gametophyte

(29) Seedless plants sperm

Flagellated

(29) Seedless vascular plants are _____ dominant?

Sporophyte

(29) Stems

Early fossils reveal stems but no roots or leaves

(29) Roots

Provide transportation and support

(29) What diverged before true roots appeared

Lycophytes, (have rhizomes)

(29) Leaves

Increase surface area for photosynthesis

Evolved twice: Micro and megaphylls

(29) Leaves: Microphylls

Small leaves with single vein found in Lycophytes (club mosses)

(29) Leaves: Megaphylls

(Larger leaves with branched vascular system) found in ferns and seed plants

Life cycle of a fern

(30) Seed Plants: Gymnosperms transfer sperm with?

Pollen

(30) Gymnosperms seeds is

Embryo and food source in a protective coat

(30) Gymnosperms: heterosporous

Microspore produces male gametophyte

Mega spore produces female gametophyte

Spores not released for dispersal

(30) Gymnosperms: gametophyte stage reduced

Male gametophyte= pollen grain

Female gametophyte= inside ovule

(30) 4 living groups of gymnosperms

Coniferophytes (Pine, spruce)

Cycadophytes

Gnetophytes

Ginkgophytes

(30) Pine life cycle

(30) What are angiosperms

Flowering plants

(30) Reproductive structure of an angiosperm?

Flower

(30) Angiosperms ovules

Are enclosed in diploid tissue at time of pollination

(30) In angiosperms what does the ovary develop?

Develops into fruit

(30)Angiosperms 2 main groups

Eudicots

Monocots

(30) Angiosperms: Eudicots

Trees, shrubs, snap dragons, peas etc

(30) Angiosperms: Monocots

Grasses, lilies, palms, irises, etc

(30) What is the carpel in flowers?

The female part

(30) Carpel: Ovary, Stigma and Style

Swollen base containing ovules

Tip where pollen lands

Neck or stalk

(30) Male part of flower?

Stamen

(30) Stamen parts in the flower?

Filament

Anther- produces pollen

(30) What happens inside the anther?

Diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores which grow into the pollen grain

(30) What is pollen grain?

Male gametophyte

(30) What happens inside the ovule?

Diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid megastores which grow into embryo sac

(30) What is the embryo sac?

Female gametophyte

(30) Transfer of pollination

From another to stigma

(30) How is pollen transferred

By wind or by animals

(30) Pollen grains develop?

Pollen tube that is guided to the embryo sac

(30) One of 2 pollen grain cells lags behind:

This generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm cells

No flagella on sperm

(30) Double fertilization (1)

One sperm unites with egg to form the diploid zygote

New sporophyte

(30) Double fertilization (2)

Other sperm unites with 2 polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm

Provides nutrients to embryo

(30) Seed formation

May remain dormant for many years, germinate when conditions are favorable

(30) Fruits definition

mature ovaries

During seed formation the flower ovary begins to develop into fruit, seed dispersal

Life cycle of an angiosperm

(32) Heterotrophy

Obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms

(32) Multicelluilarity

Many complex bodies

(32) No cell walls

Lack rigidity cell walls and are usually flexible

(32) tissues

Cells of most animals are organized into structural and functional units

(32) Tissues: muscle and nervous tissues

All for active movement

(30) Active movement

Most move more rapidly and in more complex ways

(32) Sexual reproductions

Most animals reproduce sexually. Diploid phase dominates. Eggs non mobile and sperm are mobile

(32) Embryonic development

Zygote first undergoes a series of mitosis divisions that produces a ball of cells

(32)Phylogeny of living animals

(32) Animals vary and can be described by:

Relatively small number of major “body plans”

(32) Body plans

Particular set of morphological and developmental traits, integrated into a functional whole-the living animal

(32) Taxonomists defined major branches of the phylogeny by the evolution of the following traits:

Presence of tissue(parazoa and eumetazoa)

Symmetry

Body cavity

Embryonic development

Segmentation

(32) Zygotes are ___ and can give rise to

(Fertilized eggs) totipotent

All other body cells

(32) As embryo develops

Cells specialize

(32) Specializing cells are irreversible except in:

Sponges- simplest animals- defined organs and tissues are not present(parazoa)

(32) Specialized cells have

The ability to disaggregate and aggregate their cells

(32)Eumetazoa

All other animals have distinct and well defined tissues

Irreversible differentiation for most cell types

(32)What lacks symmetry?

Sponges lack any definite symmetry

(32Symmetry in other animals:

Have symmetry defined along. An imaginary axis drawn through the animals body

(32) 2 main types of symmetry

Radial and Bilateral

(32) Radial symmetry

Organisms are also diploblasic

(32) Bilateral symmetry

Evolved at the same time as animals

became triploblastic(3 germ layers)

(32) Bilateral symmetry advantages

Cephalization

Directional movement

(32) Cephalization

Evolution of a definite brain/head area

(32) Most animals have embryos that produce:

3 germ layers which makes them triploblastic

(32) Animals embryos: 3 germ layers

Outer ectoderm (body covering and nervous system)

Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscle)

Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines)

(32) All triploblastic animals have:

Bilateral symmetry

(32) Cnidarians are:

Diploblastic, have endoderm and ectoderm

(32) Sponges lack:

Germ layers

(32) Body cavity:

Space surrounded by the mesoderm tissue that is formed during development

(32) 3 basic body plans for triploblastic animals:

Acoelomates (compact)

Hemocoelomates

Coelomates

(32) Acoelomates:

(Compact) No body cavity

(32) Hemocoelomates(Hemocoel):

Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm