SCIENCE THIRD QTR

Volcano

• A mountain that extends down to a pool of magma between the crust and mantle, capable of ejecting hot gases, rocks, and lava.

Vulcan

• means “God of Fire” in Roman Mythology. 

Pacific Ring of Fire

An area around the Pacific Ocean known for having many volcanoes.

Vent

• The spot in the Earth’s crust where gases, molten rock, lava, and rocks erupt. 

• Located at the bottom of the crater. 

Crater

• A circular depression around a vent where lava, ash, and rock erupt from a volcano.

• Typically located at the top of a volcano. 

Caldera

• A large crater that forms when the walls of a volcano collapse.

Magma Chamber

• A large underground pool or reservoir of molten rock sitting underneath the Earth’s crust.

Lava

• Term used when magma that has been expelled from a volcano and reaches the Earth's surface.

FEATURE and ACTIVITY. 

Volcanoes are classified according to their

Cinder Cone Volcano

• Among the most common volcanic landforms

• Steep, conical hill formed above a vent. 

• Eruptions usually do not cause any loss of life. 

• Built from lava fragments called cinders. 

Shield Volcano

A type of volcano larger than cinder volcanoes, built almost entirely of fluid lava flow.

Composite Volcano

Also known as stratovolcanoes, these are considered the most majestic among the types of volcanoes.

Crater Volcano 

• Forms when a cone of volcano collapses into the magma chamber, forming a Caldera

Active Volcanoes

Volcanoes that have erupted in the past or recent times and are still capable of erupting.

Dormant Volcanoes

Volcanoes that have erupted in historical times but are now quiet and inactive, yet may still erupt.

Extinct Volcanoes

Volcanoes with no records of activity and believed not to have a supply of magma.

Taal Volcano

Known as the world's smallest active volcano.

Cuéxcomate Volcano

Considered the world's smallest inactive volcano.

Violent Eruption

An eruption characterized by high gas and silica content in magma.

Nonviolent Eruption

An eruption characterized by low gas and silica content in magma.

Fertile Soil

• The volcanic ash makes the soil around the volcano very fertile which is also conducive for farming. 

• The volcanic eruption deposits necessary minerals, which are then weathered and broken down by the rain. Once absorbed into the soil, they become a steady supply of nutrients for plant life. 

Geothermal Energy

• Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant

• Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant 

• Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant 

• Bac-Man- Geothermal Power Plant

Hot Springs

• Water found in natural hot springs contain various minerals, including calcium and sodium bicarbonate

• As a result, your hydrostatic pressure rises and circulation and oxygen flow increases.  

• Landforms 

• Decrease Temperature

Volcanic Hazards

• Volcanic Ashes

• Gases (Sulfur Dioxide)

• Earthquakes

• Lahar

• Lava

• Pyroclastic Materials 

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

A gas measured by PHIVOLCS; higher emissions indicate a higher chance of eruption.

• Sulfur Dioxide

• Carbon Dioxide 

• Carbon Monoxide 

• Hydrogen Sulfide 

• Methane 

• Hydrogen Chloride 

• Hydrogen Fluoride

• Hydrogen Bromide 

• Water Vapors

• Carbon disulfide

• Carbon sulfide

TOXIC GASES EJECTED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 

Climate

The average pattern of weather in a specific place over a long period.

Weather

The condition of the atmosphere in a specific place over a short period.

Latitude

• The distance of a place from the equator may be determined with the use of latitudes

• The farther away from the equator, the colder.

Altitude

• The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature

• The height of a place above sea level, affecting temperature.

Air Pressure

• is caused by unequal heating of the earth's surface

• Low pressure is warm, moist air. It raises and forms clouds

• High pressure is cold, dry air. It sinks and creates clear skies

Topography

• Mountains receive more rainfall than low lying areas

• The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area, influencing weather patterns.

Orographic Effect

A weather phenomenon where mountains cause increased rainfall on one side and dry conditions on the other.

Mountain Barriers

• creates orographic effect or rain shadow

• The rain shadows help create deserts.

Ocean Currents

• Are giant river of sea flowing within oceans 

• Flows in a circular path 

warm currents

• carry water from LOW to HIGH latitudes. These make nearby land warmer 

Cool Currents

• carry water from HIGH to LOW latitudes. These make nearby land cooler.

Wind

•  the moving mass of air

Trade Winds

Winds that occur between 30° North and 30° South latitude.

Westerlies

Winds that occur - 30° and 60° North of the Equator. 30° and 60° South of the Equator

Polar Winds

Winds that occur at 60° North and 60° South latitude.

Temperature

• degree of hotness or coldness affected by solar radiation 

• amount of solar radiation is determined by: latitude, altitude, and distance form the sea

Humidity

• amount of water vapor in the air, indicates probability of precipitation, dew, or fog

Precipitation

• water falling from the atmosphere onto the Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, or hail

Pressure and Winds

Key elements of climate that influence weather patterns.

Natural Factors

• Solar activities 

• El Niño phenomenon 

• Cloud cover 

• Forest fire 

• Volcanic eruption 

• Oceans

- refers to the brightness of a star as it appears to us

Apparent Magnitude

refers to the actual brightness given off by a star at a standard distance

Absolute Magnitude

Sun

• A yellow star with a surface temperature of 6,000K

• The temperature at its core is 15,000,000K

• A Medium sized star with diameter of 1.4 x 10^6 km. Its mass is 1.99 x 10^30kg.

Lightyear

is the distance traveled by light ( at speed of 300,000 km/s ) for a period of one year. Light travels about 9 trillion km in one year

Stellar Association

• : Up to a hundred stars over hundreds of light-years of space

• 
  

Open Cluster

•  Thousands of stars with less than a hundred light-years of space

Globular Cluster

• Millions of stars spread over a space smaller than that of a stellar association

Galaxies

A group of billions of stars (together with some gas and dust) that move through space as a unit.

Constellations

are groups of stars that form patterns when viewed from Earth.

Circumpolar Constellations

1.  These constellations appear visible at all times.

Seasonal Constellations:

These constellations are not frequently observed or visible.

Southern Hemisphere

1.  Andromeda, Aquarius, Capricorn, Pegasus, and Pisces

Northern Hemisphere

1.  Bootes, Crater, Hydra, Leo, and Virgo

Ursa Major

• Visible year-round in most of the Northern Hemisphere.

• Known as The Great Bear and accompanied by Ursa Minor.

• Features two pointer stars, Dubhe and Merak.

Ursa Minor

• Dipper.

• Contains two bright stars, Kochab (upper) and Pherkad (lower), known as the Guardians of the Pole.

• Includes Polaris, the North Star, located at the tip of the handle.

Cassiopeia

• Recognized by its distinctive "W" shape formed by five bright stars.

• Neighboring constellations:

  • Andromeda (south)

  • Perseus (southeast)

  • Cepheus (north)

Cepheus

• Shaped like a square with a triangle on top.

• A circumpolar constellation.

• In mythology:

  • King of Aethiopia.

  • Husband of Queen Cassiopeia.

  • Father of Princess Andromeda.

Draco

• Visible all night from northern latitudes.

• Winds around Ursa Minor (Little Dipper).

• One of the oldest known constellations, identified in ancient Egyptian astronomy as Tawaret, the goddess of the Northern Sky.

Astronomy

 a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects such as stars, planets, comets, star clusters, galaxies, and the entire universe.

Nicolaus Copernicus

• A Polish astronomer who devised the heliocentric model, which explains that planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun.

heliocentric model

explains that planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun.

Claudius Ptolemy

A Greek astronomer who devised the Ptolemaic system, which suggests that Earth is the center of the universe.

Tycho Brahe

• Constructed the Tychonic system, a hybrid of the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems.

• In Tycho’s system, the Sun and Moon revolve around Earth.

Johannes Kepler

A Danish astronomer who produced a substantially correct description of planetary motion.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian physicist and astronomer who improved the telescope and was the first to use it for observing celestial bodies.

Astrology

a pseudoscience associated with practices that predict the future of people on Earth or fortune-telling.

Gibbang

(end of planting season) - Gemini

6,000,000 K

Required amount of core temperature for a star to have thermonuclear reactions

Orion's belt

Balatik

Taurus

Baha

Malihe

Which of the following constellation has no counterpart in Western culture?

Malara

Canis Minor