SCIENCE THIRD QTR

LESSON 1: VOLCANOES 



Volcano 

  • Derived from the word “Vulcan” which means “God of Fire” in Roman Mythology. 

  • Is a mountain that extends down to a pool of magma between the crust and mantle.

  • A vent or opening in the ground in which hot gases, rocks, and lava are ejected. 



The Pacific Ring of Fire

  • A ring that circles around the Pacific Ocean.

  • An area on Earth where many volcanoes are found. 



PARTS OF A VOLCANO

  • Vent 

  • The spot in the Earth’s crust where gases, molten rock, lava, and rocks erupt. 

  • Located at the bottom of the crater. 

  • (Esophagus ng bulkan) /jk



  • Crater 

  • Circular depression around a vent.

  • Where lava, ash, and rock erupt OUT of a volcano. 

  • Typically located at the top of a volcano. 



  • Caldera 

  • A crater that becomes very wide as a result of the collapse of its wall. 



  • Magma Chamber 

  • A large underground pool or reservoir of molten rock sitting underneath the Earth’s crust. 



  • Lava 

  • Term used when magma is expelled out of the volcano and reaches the Earth’s surface. 




Volcanoes are classified according to their FEATURE and ACTIVITY. 



ACCORDING TO FEATURE/SHAPE: 

  • Cinder Cone Volcano 

  • Among the most common volcanic landforms

  • Steep, conical hill formed above a vent. 

  • Eruptions usually do not cause any loss of life. 

  • Built from lava fragments called cinders. 



  • Shield Volcano

  • Larger than cinder volcanoes 

  • Built almost entirely of fluid lava flow



  • Composite Volcano 

  • Also known as stratovolcanoes 

  • Most majestic among the types of volcanoes 



  • Crater Volcano 

  • Forms when a cone of volcano collapses into the magma chamber, forming a Caldera



ACCORDING TO ACTIVITY

  • Active Volcanoes 

  • Have already erupted in the past or in recent times and are still capable of erupting any time. 




  • Dormant Volcanoes (Inactive) 

  • Erupted in historical times but are now quiet and inactive. 

  • Geologists believe that they are still capable of erupting. 



  • Extinct Volcanoes 

  • There are no records of activity. 

  • Scientists believe that they don’t have a supply of magma in their chamber. 



WORLD’S SMALLEST.. 

Active Volcano - Taal Volcano 

Inactive Volcano - Cuexcomate Volcano




AN ERUPTION IS VIOLENT / NONVIOLENT WHEN.. 

Violent - If the magma is rich in gas and silica. 

Nonviolent - If the magma has less gas and silica. 




BENEFITS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS TO HUMANS 

  • Fertile Soil 

  • The volcanic ash makes the soil around the volcano very fertile which is also conducive for farming. 

  • The volcanic eruption deposits necessary minerals, which are then weathered and broken down by the rain. Once absorbed into the soil, they become a steady supply of nutrients for plant life. 



  • Geothermal Energy

  • Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant

  • Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant 

  • Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant 

  • Bac-Man- Geothermal Power Plant



  • Hot Springs 

  • Water found in natural hot springs contain various minerals, including calcium and sodium bicarbonate

  • As a result, your hydrostatic pressure rises and circulation and oxygen flow increases.  

  • Landforms 

  • Decrease Temperature



HAZARDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 

  • Volcanic Ashes

  • Gases (Sulfur Dioxide)

  • Earthquakes

  • Lahar

  • Lava

  • Pyroclastic Materials 



Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - is measured by PHIVOLCS; higher emission equates to higher chance of eruption

TOXIC GASES EJECTED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 

  • Sulfur Dioxide

  • Carbon Dioxide 

  • Carbon Monoxide 

  • Hydrogen Sulfide 

  • Methane 

  • Hydrogen Chloride 

  • Hydrogen Fluoride

  • Hydrogen Bromide 

  • Water Vapors

  • Carbon disulfide

  • Carbon sulfide



LESSON 2: CLIMATE

Climate - Average pattern of weather in a specific place over a long period of time

Weather - Is the condition of the atmosphere of a place within a short period of time.



FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE AND WEATHER 

  • Latitude

  • The distance of a place from the equator may be determined with the use of latitudes

  • The farther away from the equator, the colder.




  • Altitude

  • The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature



  • Air Pressure

  • Air pressure is caused by unequal heating of the earth's surface

  • Low pressure is warm, moist air. It raises and forms clouds

  • High pressure is cold, dry air. It sinks and creates clear skies



  • Topography

  • Mountains receive more rainfall than low lying areas



  • Mountain Barriers

  • Creates a phenomenon called orographic effect or rain shadow

  • The rain shadows help create deserts. 




  • Presence of bodies of water

  • Land and water retain different amounts of heat

  • Land heats more quickly than water but water holds heat longer



  • Ocean Currents

  • Are giant river of sea flowing within oceans 

  • Flows in a circular path 

  • Warm currents carry water from LOW to HIGH latitudes. These make nearby land warmer 

  • Cool Currents carry water from HIGH to LOW latitudes. These make nearby land cooler.



  • Wind System 

  • Wind is the moving mass of air

  • Trade winds : 30° North Latitude and 30° South Latitude

  • Westerlies - 30° and 60° North of the Equator. 30° and 60° South of the Equator

  • Polar Winds - 60° North Latitude and 60° South Latitude



ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE 

  • Temperature

  • degree of hotness or coldness affected by solar radiation 

  • amount of solar radiation is determined by: latitude, altitude, and distance form the sea

  • Humidity 

  • amount of water vapor in the air, indicates probability of precipitation, dew, or fog

  • Precipitation 

  • water falling from the atmosphere onto the Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, or hail 

  • Pressure and winds



NATURAL FACTORS 

  • Solar activities 

  • El Niño phenomenon 

  • Cloud cover 

  • Forest fire 

  • Volcanic eruption 

  • Oceans