IB HOTA U.S. Civil Rights & Protest (Paper 1)

Earl Warren

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1953-1969

Orval Faubus

Governor of Arkansas during Little Rock 9 desegregation controversy who used the national guard to "maintain peace" but really was preventing integration

Eisenhower

President of the United States who ordered 101st Airborne division to escort the Little Rock 9 students into school

Thurgood Marshall

Lead NAACP lawyer for Brown v Board

James Farmer

Director of CORE, organized freedom rides

Stokely Carmichael

SNCC organizer for Freedom Summer

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Interracial civil rights group founded in 1960 after Greensboro sit-in

Direct Action

A tactic that focuses on mobilization large groups of people through non violent resistance

Interposition

Concept that states could place themselves between the federal government and citizens when a state felt the federal government had exceeded its constitutional power

De facto segregation

Racial segregation by social practices rather than law

Southern Manifesto

Book written by U.S. congressmen in opposition to racial integration of public spaces

Brown v Board of Education, 1954

the education of black children in separate public schools was unconstitutional and must be phased out over time "with all deliberate speed" due to its psychological effects

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956

Protest that first made King a national figure. Sparked by Rosa parks.

Greensboro Sit Ins

Four black students sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter ... spread to a national movement

Freedom Rides

Sought to desegregate interstate buses. Faced firebombing. Initially opposed by Kennedy.

Birmingham Campaign

Organized by SCLC and King. Children included in protests. Drew media attention when non violent protesters were fire hosed and beat.

March on Washington

1963. I have a dream speech.

Feedom Summer

1964. Sought to register voters in Mississippi and set up schools for children. 3 activists, including 2 whites, were killed.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Demanded delegates that represented the actual population of Mississippi (black) be recognized at the Democratic National Convention.

Bloody Sunday

March 1965 Selma marchers beat by police

1964 Civil Rights Act

Proposed by Kennedy, passed under Johnson. Banned discrimination and segregation in public spaces.

Voting Rights Act 1965

Prohibited practices such as literacy tests and poll taxes, gave the federal government the right to enforce the 14th amendment.

Malcolm X

Civil Rights leader from the Nation of Islam who appealed more to blacks in the North. Advocated for freedom by "any means necessary"

Jim Crow laws

Laws in the south that segregated public spaces by race and discriminated against blacks

Little Rock 9

first group of students to desegregate Central High in defiance of the governor

Poll tax

Sum of money charged to prevent people from voting

Literacy Test

An examination to prevent people from voting

Massive Resistance

State legislation and actions to resist school integration

Eisenhower

President who sent in federal troops to protect little rock 9 students

Selma March

A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Led by MLK. Resulted in Voting Rights Act.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

1963 letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.