Exam 3 Bio&242

what is primary lymphoid tissues/organs

sites where lymphocytes form and mature

what is secondary lymphoi tissues/organs?

where lymphocytes are activated

what is the function of #5?

prevent food from entering the nasopharnyx

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties, his problems result from:

thick secretions that are difficult to transport

what is asthma?

due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles

what is the order in which air passes through the airway?

primary bronchus, lobar bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus?

pneumocytes type II

what is the condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is ____

respiratory distress syndrome

what direction does carbon dioxide move during the internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

each of the following factors would increase cardiac output except ___

increased blood concentration of glucose

what is interstitial fluid?

fluid that surrounds cells and is drained into the blood by lymphatic system

what is filtiration?

the process where liquid moves out of the blood at capillaries to form interstitial fluid

which is is NOT a basic function of the respiratory system?

processing olfactory stimuli

contraction of the diaphragm leads to inspiration and an increase in the volume of pleural cavity

true

internal respiration refers to echange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the ___

tissues and interstitial fluid

the volume of air moved in a single respiratory cycle is called ____

tidal volume

what homeostatic imbalance is normal to a certain extend in individuals over 50 but is greatly enhanced by cigarette smoke and other irritants

emphysema

what is The Hering-Breur reflex

protect the lungs from damage due to overinflation

__ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will ____

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

the ____ of the lung is an indication of their expandability, how easiy the lungs expand and contract

compliance

air that remains in conducting passages and doesn’t participate in gas exchange is termed ___

anatomic dead space

what produces the movement #2?

diaphragm contract

the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ___

100 mm Hg

at a PO2 of 70mm Hg and a normal temp and pH, hemoglobin is ___ percent saturated with oxygen

more than 90

low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2, this increases the effectiveness of ___

internal respiration

what is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?

carbon dioxide

damage to the phrenic nerves would __

force reliance on costal breathing

prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ___ center

apneustic

with innate immunity,

each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same

Which of the following is NOT true regarding perforin?

it is most effective at destroying viruses that are searching for host cells

in general lymphocytes ___

spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue and relatively long life spans

which type of lymphocyte is involved in the non-specific immune response?

natural killer cell

imagine a virus is trying to cause a severe illness in your body right now while you take an exam. Which of the following would be the LEAST effective in fighting viral infections

lysozyme

Due to HIV being a virus, ____

it cannot replicate itself unless it infects a host cell

circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include:

migration of white blood cells to the site of injury

you’ve spent 24 hours traveling from US to NEW Zealand on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. Your hematocrit level would be ____________ than normal because ____

higher; your plasma volume is lower

a patient who is experiencing a bacterial infection has an elevated number of a specific type of blood cell. Which of the following would describe the appearance of this cell?

has a small, pale, lilac granules and a four-lobed nucleus

which leukocyte is incorrectly matched with its characteristics?

neutrophils - responsible for immunological surveillance

which of the following about formed elements is correct?

platelets release chemicals but aren’t phagocytic

digestive function of the lymphatic system is provided by lacteals, which is found in the small intestine and involved in the process of __ absorption

lips

what is the only lymphoid organ with both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

lymph node

what cell is involved in innate immunity but no in adaptive immunity

natural killer cells

the respiratory burst is used by ___ to kill bacteria

neutrophils

what cell is a macrophage?

microglial cells

what becomes antigenic when binding to larger host molecules?

haptens

what is the order of events for humoral immunity?

endocytosis of an antigen, antigen display, secretion of interleukin, clonal section, and antibody secretion

helper T cells can only bind to another cell if it has ___

MHC-II proteins

a microorganism capable of causing a disease is called a ___

pathogen

mucous membrane contain an antibacterial enzyme called ____

lysozyme

any substance that triggers a fever is called a ___

pyrogen

the chemical signals produced by leukocytes to stimulate other leukocytes are called ____

interleukins

any disease in which antibodies attack one’s own tissue is called an ____ disease

autoimmune

the nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into right and left with ___

fossae

the intrinsic laryngeal muscles regulate speech by rotating what?

arytenoid cartilages

what is the largest air passage that engaes in gas exchange with the blood?

respiratory bronchioles

respiratory arrest would most likely result from a tumor of the ___

medulla oblongata

which value is normally the highest?

vital capacity

the __ protects the lungs from injury by excessive sinpiration

inflation reflex

according to ___, the warming of air as it is inhaled helps inflate the lungs

charle’s law

poor blood circulation causes ___ hypoxia

ischemic

most of the CO2 that diffuses from the blood into an alveolus comes from ___

carbonic acid

duration of an inspiration is set by ___

pneumotaxic center

the superior opening into the larynx is gaurded by a tissue flap called the ___

epiglottis

within each lung, the airway forms a branching complex called the ___

bronchial treei

intrapulmonary pressure must be lower than ___ pressure for sinpiration to occur

atmospheric

what are the two primary lymphoid tissues?

red bone marrow and thymus

what is the primary function of lymphocytes?

they respond to specific invading pathogens by eliminating them or rendering them harmless

what are the three classes of lymphocytes?

T cells, B cells, and NK cells (natural killer)

which lymphocytes generally differentiate from stem cells directly within the red bone marrow?

natural killer cells and B cells

where do T cells spend most of their maturation process?

in the thymus

what three hormones are secreted by teh thymus to promote T cell development and maturation?

thymosin, thymopoietin, and thymulin

are tonsils considered primary or secondary lymphoid tissues, and are they encapsulated or unencapsulated?

they are secondary lymphoid tissues and unencapsulated

what do tonsils contain, and what is their role?

they have mature lymphocytes that identify and attack pathogens in the area

how many tonsils to people usually have?, and the names

there are 5 tonsils; pharyngeal tonsil (1), palatine tonsils (2), and lingual tonsils (2)

what is another name for an inflamed pharyngeal tonsil

adenoids

what is tonsillitis, and which tonsil is most commonly affected by it?

it is inflammation of the tonsils and it especially affects the palatine tonsils

what stage of life do tonsils reach their maximum size, and what happens to them afterwards?

they reach their maximum size by puberty and begin to shrink (atrophy)

what does MALT stand for? and is t primary or secondary lymphoid tissue

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, secondary lymphoid tissue

what is the main function of MALT, and what system does it protect?

it protects and defends the epithelia of the digestive/reproductive/urinary systems (mucus linings)

what percentage of all lymphoid tissue is made up of MALT?

70%

what are peyer’s patches, and where are they located?

they are clusters of lymphoid nodules located deep to the epithelial lining of the intestines

what lymphoid structure contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules and serve as an example of MALT?

appendix

what is lacteals, where are they found, and their specific function?

the are lymphatic vessels found in the intestinal villi that transport lipds absorbed by digestive tract

are lymph nodes considered primary or secondary lymphoid tissues, and what is their shape?

they are secondary lymphoid tissue that is kidney bean-shaped

is lymph nodes encapsulated or unencapsulated?

encapsulated

what is the primary function of lymph nodes?

they are small lymphoid organs that purify lymp before it reaches the veins

which vessel does lymph enter a lymph nodes, and through which vessels does it drain out?

it enters through afferent lymphatics and drains out into efferent lymphatics

what three regions of the body are lymp nodes found most abundantly?

neck, axillae (armpits), and groin

how do lymph nodes function as an “early-warning” defense system?

by sending out macrophages and lymphocytes to any suspicious antigens

is the spleen a primary or secondary lymphoid tissue, and is it encapsulated or unencapsulated?

it is a secondary lymphoid tissue and is encapsulated

what distinction does the spleen hold regarding the amount of lymphoid tissue it contains?

it contains the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body

what are the two main functions of the spleen

it removed abnormal blood cells by phagocytosis and it initiates immune responses aby activating T cells and B cells

what are the two types of pulp that is contained within the spleen’s capsule?

red pulp and white pulp

what is the structural difference between red pulp and white pulp in the spleen?

red pulp has RBC’s and macrophaes; white pulp resembles lymphoid nodules

why is an injury to the spleen potentially life-threatening?

the spleen can tear easily, which can result in serious internal bleeding and circulatory shock

what do lymphatic capillaries drain into before reaching the main ducts?

larger lymph-collecting vessels known as trunks and ducts

what region of the body does the RIGHT lymphatic duct drain?

the body superior to the diaphragm on the right side

where does the RIGHT lymphatic duct empty into? and what percentage of people actually have it?

it empties into the right subclavian vein, and it is only present in ~20%

what regions of the body does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?

the entired body inferior to the diaphragm, plus the left side of the upper body