VIS 159 FINAL EXAM
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67 Terms
Who created BEFLIX?
Ken Knowlton.
What was BEFLIX?
One of the first programming languages for computer animation; “Bell Flicks.”
What was Bell Labs known for in media art history?
A major center for early computer art, animation, and collaborations between artists and engineers during the 1960s “Art + Technology” movement.
Who collaborated with Ken Knowlton on early BEFLIX films?
Stan VanDerBeek.
Why is Max Mathews important?
He is considered the “father of computer music” and developed early music programming systems and Is shown in the film using “ Graphic 1” a graphical system connected to his music synthesis software.
What famous Bell Labs song used speech synthesis?
“Daisy Bell.”
What was E.A.T.?
A collaboration connecting artists and engineers to create technology-based art.
Who founded E.A.T.?
Billy KlĂĽver, Fred Waldhauer, Robert Rauschenberg, and Robert Whitman.
What was E.A.T.’s most famous event?
9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering (1966).
What artistic movement overlapped with E.A.T.?
Fluxus-related experimental art circles.
What is “expanded cinema”?
Cinema that moves beyond traditional single-screen film into immersive, interactive, or multi-screen experiences.
Who coined the term “expanded cinema”?
Stan VanDerBeek.
What book popularized the term “Expanded Cinema”?
Expanded Cinema by Gene Youngblood.
What are some first gen cgi artisit?
Stan VanDerBeek. John Whitney. Lillian Schwartz, Ken Knowlton.
What were John Whitney Sr.’s main interests?
Visual music, mathematical motion, abstract animation, and harmony between image and sound.
What machine did John Whitney Sr. repurpose for animation?
WWII anti-aircraft targeting equipment.
Why is John Whitney important to CGI history?
Why is John Whitney important to CGI history?
What was Stan VanDerBeek’s Movie-Drome?
A dome-shaped immersive media environment for expanded cinema.
What themes did Movie-Drome explore?
Global communication, networked culture, multimedia environments, and collective consciousness.
What future technologies did Movie-Drome anticipate?
Telepresence, internet culture, and immersive VR.
What was Lillian Schwartz known for?
Experimental CGI, Bell Labs collaborations, and combining art with scientific technology.
What was Pixillation (1970)?
A mixed-media CGI work by Lillian Schwartz using the EXPLOR language.
Which artist worked on Vertigo?
John Whitney Sr.
Which artist worked on Star Wars?
Larry Cuba.
What did Larry Cuba create for Star Wars?
The Death Star briefing animation.
What were magic lanterns?
Early projection devices using painted glass slides.
What was phantasmagoria?
Ghostly projection performances creating supernatural illusions.
What were color organs designed to do?
Connect color and music to create “visual music.”
What were 1960s light shows?
Psychedelic audiovisual performances combining projections and music.
Who created early color organ experiments?
Father Castel.
Who developed Lumia art?
Thomas Wilfred.
What was Scriabin’s Prometheus known for?
Combining orchestral music with colored light.
What is musique concrète?
Music composed from recorded/manipulated sounds instead of instruments.
Who founded musique concrète?
Pierre Schaeffer.
Who created the Doctor Who theme realization?
Delia Derbyshire.
What was the difference between Buchla and Moog synthesizers?
Moog was keyboard-oriented and commercial; Buchla was experimental and avant-garde.
Why were RCA synthesizers impractical?
They were huge room-sized vacuum tube systems.
Why was the Minimoog important?
It made synthesizers portable and practical for live performance.
What was Dan Sandin’s Image Processor (IP)?
An analog video synthesizer for real-time image manipulation.
What was the “Distribution Religion”?
Sandin and Phil Morton’s philosophy of freely sharing schematics and technology.
What modern movement did Sandin and Morton anticipate?
Open-source culture and Creative Commons.
What was the Paik/Abe Synthesizer?
An experimental analog video synthesizer by Nam June Paik and Shuya Abe.
What are modern descendants of analog modular synth systems?
Max/MSP and TouchDesigner
What is telepresence?
Experiencing presence in another location through technology
What is telematic art?
Art using communication networks as the artistic medium.
What historical ideas relate to telepresence?
Mirrors, voodoo dolls, and speculative “images over telephones.”
What was Good Morning, Mr. Orwell?
A 1984 satellite broadcast artwork by Nam June Paik connecting multiple cities live.
What was A Hole in Space?
A public live video link between NYC and LA by Kit Galloway and Sherrie Rabinowitz
Why is A Hole in Space important?
It demonstrated the emotional and social effects of telepresence.
What was Eduardo Kac’s Ornitorrinco?
A remote-controlled robotic telepresence artwork.
What was Ken Goldberg’s Telegarden?
An internet-controlled collaborative robotic garden.
What is an automaton?
A self-operating mechanical machine.
What is a cyborg?
A technologically enhanced living organism.
Who introduced the word “robot”?
R.U.R..
What themes did R.U.R. explore?
Labor automation and robots revolting against humans.
Why is Metropolis important in robot history?
It shaped dystopian robot imagery and fears of industrial automation.
What was Norbert Wiener’s major contribution?
Cybernetics and feedback-loop theory.
What is cybernetics?
The study of control and communication in animals and machines.
What debate appears in drawing-machine and AI art?
Questions of authorship, autonomy, and control.
What was Harold Cohen’s AARON?
An AI drawing program exploring machine-generated art and authorship.
What are pre-digital examples of immersive media?
Frescoes, panoramas, cycloramas, and dioramas.
What is stereoscopy?
Creating depth illusion using separate images for each eye.
What was Morton Heilig’s Sensorama?
An early immersive multimedia simulation machine.
What was the Sword of Damocles?
An early VR headset system by Ivan Sutherland and Bob Sproull.
John Whitney vs Bell Labs approaches?
Whitney focused on mathematical visual motion and analog systems; Bell Labs emphasized artist-engineer collaborations and programmable digital graphics.
Movie-Drome vs Good Morning, Mr. Orwell?
Movie-Drome imagined global satellite media culture; Good Morning, Mr. Orwell actually implemented large-scale satellite broadcasting.
AARON vs drawing machines like Tinguely’s?
AARON embedded authorship into software logic; drawing machines emphasized mechanical gesture and automation.