FSU BSC1005L Exam (Labs 7-12)

Meiosis chromosome

diploid (gametocytes in the testes and ovaries)

Result of meiosis chromosomes after 2 stages of cell division

haploid gametes

Each gamete receives ___ of the individual's chromosomes from each homologous pair

one

How can we make inferences about phenotypic traits based on genotype?

Genotype --gene expression--> phenotype

Photosynthesis

creates energy-dense sugars

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2.

cellular respiration

releases energy from sugars

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

plants, algae

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

animals, fungi

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

Glucose

C6H12O6

Cellulose

plant cell walls

Starch

plant energy storage

glycogen

animal energy storage

Polysaccharides

chains of glucose/chains of C6H12O6

Carbon "skeletons" for...

lipids, proteins, amino acids, & DNA

Lipids

fats

saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

Energy can be released by...

breaking down the long carbon chains in fatty acids

How animals use lipids

energy storage, organ cushioning, thermal

Lipids (fats) as cellular structures

phospholipid bilayer

Steroid hormones

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

A protein's ___ determines how it works (its function)

structure

Amylase

enzyme breaks down starches into simple sugars

present in human saliva

Protein types and functions

actin & myosin - contractile

insulin - hormonal

immunoglobulin - protection

hemoglobin - transport

rubisco - enzyme

ferritin - storage

spider silk - structural

rhodopsin - receptor

Micronutrients

chemicals required in very small amounts for growth and development of organisms

Role of Micronutrients

energy production, immune function, bone growth, physiological functions

Genes are made up of...

DNA (a nucleic acid)

DNA and RNA are...

critical macromolecules for gene expression

DNA nucleotide

deoxyribose, phosphate group, base

The central dogma

genotype --gene expression--> phenotype

The central dogma (2)

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Wakulla Springs (eaten by chart)

Energy flow...

moves in the direction of the arrow

Wakulla Springs food web

Wakulla Spring food pyramid

An idealized eukaryotic plant cell

Desmids

a large group of freshwater green algae

Food pyramid example

The carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Phosphorous

DNA backbone, cell membranes, ATP

Nitrogen

DNA bases (ACTG), amino acids (proteins)

Nitrogen cycle

Mutualism between nitrogen and nitrogen fixing bacteria

Balanced ecosystem

Nutrient inputs (N & P) occur at a rate that stimulates macroalgal and phytoplankton growth in balance with grazing animals

unbalanced ecosystem

increases in sediment and nutrients trigger phytoplankton and toxic algal blooms, blocking light penetration and exceeding grazer control

Invasive species are...

particularly good competitors

An invasive species is...

an introduced species that outcompetes native species for space and resources

Tiny organisms represented in Lab 9

different eukaryotic kingdoms, multicellular & single-celled organisms

The diversity of life is organized into 3 domains...

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Phylogenetic trees...

are hypotheses about the evolutionary relatedness of groups of organisms

Bacteria...

prokaryotes

Archaea

prokaryotes

Fungi

eukaryote

yeast, molds, mushrooms

Protista

eukaryote

scientists have had difficulty sorting them in a phylogenetic tree

An organisms' traits, or its ___, are largely determined by its genes and its ___

phenotype, genotype

The interplay between an organism's ___ and its ___ is what determines the frequency of ___ in any population.

traits, environment, traits

Environment

Genotype variation --> phenotype variation --> fitness variation

fitness variation

ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Is there a single "scientific method" that all scientists follow?

Authentic scientific investigation frequently does not parallel the steps of the scientific method

Evolutionary fitness

the number of offspring that an organism produce in its lifetime

Ecologists study...

the interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment

Community

an assemblage of directly or indirectly interacting populations within a prescribed area

community ecology

the study of how interactions affect the structure and organization of the community

communities are structured by ___ and ___ interactions

biotic, abiotic

Interaction filter

biotic (living) factors

interacting individuals and populations restrict each others' resource access, rates of reproductive stress, etc.

Ecological niche

a particular set of conditions in which a species can live

a species' ecological role in the environment

adaptations allow different species to occupy different (or compete for the same) niches

Environmental filters restrict...

the organisms that can live in an environment by requiring specific adaptations

Evidence for environmental filters

similar environments lead to similar phenotypes

How do community ecologists sample communities?

terrestrial (quadrat)

aquatic (quadrat)

aquatic (pound net)

terrestrial (black lightning)

aquatic (long line)

aquatic (seine net)

terrestrial (pitfall trap)

Species interaction filters (biotic)

populations of different animals interact

predation, competition, mutualism

Environment filters (abiotic)

temperature, soil pH, moisture

habitat features & characteristics

Adaptation

a trait that becomes prevalent in a population because it increases fitness

adaption examples

orchids fool wasps into "mating" with them.

Katydids have camouflage to look like leaves

non-poisonous king snakes mimic poisonous coral snakes

Natural selection and adaptation

1. variation in traits

2. differential survival & reproduction

3. traits are heritable

A trait that confers an advantage for survival and reproduction will...

become more common in the population

diversifying/divergent/disruptive selection

selects for phenotypes at both ends of the spectrum

favors the extreme

stabilizing selection

against both extremes

selects for a very narrow range of phenotypes

directional selection

selects for phenotypes toward one end of the spectrum

select against 1 extreme

diversifying/divergent/disruptive selection example

birds with large or small beak sizes selected if there are only large, hard or small, soft seeds

stabilizing selection example

birth weight (mid-range babies are more favored)

directional selection example

antibiotic resistance in bacteria

species

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

Biological species barriers (prezygotic barriers)

temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

Biological species barriers (postzygotic barriers)

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

Biological species concept is one framework...

within which to study patterns of speciation

speciation

the process by which new species arise

Species concepts help us to understand...

how life evolved from a common ancestor