dev psych quiz 3

primary emotions (basic emotions)

rudimentary emotions that are present in humans universally

secondary emotions

combinations of primary emotions; often includes a social aspect and is culturally specific

social smiling

an intentional smile directed at another person

stranger anxiety

a form of distress experienced when encountering a new person

separation anxiety

a form of distress experienced when not with a caregiver or attachment figure

social referencing

an infant looks to the mother’s face when confronted with an unfamiliar person or situation

temperament

an inborn quality noticeable soon after birth which can contribute to personality differences

goodness of fit

when a child’s temperament matches well with the style of their caregiver’s responses

attachment

the emotional bond between a human infant or a young nonhuman animal and its caregiver

Harry Harlow’s findings

feelings of comfort and security are the critical components of parental-infant bonding, which leads to healthy psychosocial development

secure base

A place of safety, represented by an attachment figure that an infant uses as a base from which to explore a novel environment

strange situation

an experimental procedure used to assess the quality of attachment between caregivers and infants/toddlers

secure attachment

the positive parent-child relationship, the child displays confidence when the parent is present, shows mild distress when the parent leaves, and quickly reestablishes contact when the parent returns

avoidant attachment

a form of insecure attachment. Infants do not seek proximity to their parents after separation. Instead, the infant does not appear distressed by the separation and avoids the returning parent

resistant attachment

a form of insecure attachment in which infants show a combination of positive and negative responses toward a parent. After separation, infants may seek and resist close contact with the returning parent

disorganized attachment

a form of insecure attachment and occurs when the child is given mixed, confused, and inappropriate responses from the caregiver.

self-awareness

the realization that one’s body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people

self-concept

an idea of who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think and feel is a social process that involves taking into consideration how others view us

identity diffusion

a status that characterizes those who have neither explored options nor made a commitment to an identity

identity foreclosure

have committed to an identity without have explored the options

identity moratorium

those who are actively exploring in an attempt to establish identity but have yet to make any commitment

identity achievement

those who after exploration, have committed