Multiple Choice Solutions

Independent Variable

The factor manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect.

Mean

The measure of central tendency calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values.

Standard Deviation

Measure of variability or spread of data points in a dataset.

Correlation Coefficient

Indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable measured to assess the impact of the independent variable.

Control Group

Group in an experiment used as a basis for comparison with the experimental group.

Random Sampling

Selecting a sample from a population to ensure representativeness.

Strong Negative Correlation

Indicates a strong inverse relationship between two variables.

Experiments

Conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Naturalistic Observation

Research method involving observing and interacting with subjects in their natural environment.

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Soma (Cell Body)

Part of the neuron that integrates incoming signals and decides whether to transmit an impulse.

Enzymes or Reuptake

Fate of neurotransmitters after crossing the synaptic cleft.

Enhanced Relaxation

Effect of a drug that enhances the neurotransmitter GABA.

They Saw a Dog

Likely verbal report of a patient with a severed corpus callosum shown images.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

Frontal Lobe

Brain region responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements.

He Became More Impulsive

Personality change experienced by Phineas Gage post-injury.

Hunger and Thirst

Behavior controlled by the hypothalamus.

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter deficient in Parkinson's disease.

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Cones

Photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and detailed visual acuity.

Retina

Part of the eye containing photoreceptor cells capturing light for the visual process.

Transmits Visual Information

Role of the optic nerve in the visual process.

Linear

Relationship between stimulus intensity and perceived magnitude in Steven's Power Law.

Absolute Threshold

Minimum stimulus energy needed for sensation detection 50% of the time.

Fovea

Area of the retina with the highest concentration of color vision photoreceptors.

Context Interpretation

Explanation for the Müller-Lyer illusion's perceived line length differences.

Larger

Change in just noticeable difference between stimuli in bright and dark rooms according to Weber's Law.

Individual Differences

Influence on perception accuracy due to subjective experiences.

Detecting a Faint Odor

Illustration of bottom-up processing scenario.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning associated with involuntary responses to stimuli.

Extinction

Process of reducing the strength of a conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus alone.

Taking Pain Medication

Example of negative reinforcement.

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

Fixed-Ratio

Reinforcement schedule where a bonus is received after a set number of responses.

Variable-Ratio

Reinforcement schedule exemplified by a slot machine.

Negative Punishment

Teenager losing driving privileges for breaking curfew.

Positive Reinforcement

Student receiving a gold star for completing homework.

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Retroactive Interference

Forgetting old dance steps due to new ones.

Recall All Items

Main task in Sperling's full report procedure.

About 7 Items

Approximate capacity of short-term memory.

A False Memory

Witness claiming to see a suspect who had an alibi.

Sensory Memory

Not a type of Long-Term Memory.

Procedural Memory

Type of memory formed when learning to ride a bicycle.

1 – 30 Seconds

Timescale of memory traces in short-term memory.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Involves creating meaningful associations to enhance memory retention.

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3

Number of pegs used in the Tower of Hanoi puzzle.

Anchoring and Adjustment

Cognitive bias in negotiating a car price.

Availability heuristic

A problem-solving technique where decisions are based on how easily similar instances or information can be retrieved from memory.

Confirmation bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Gambler's fallacy

Believing that future outcomes are influenced by past events, like thinking a coin is "due" to land on tails after multiple heads.

Availability heuristic

A cognitive bias where decisions are influenced by the ease with which examples come to mind.

Confirmation bias

A cognitive bias where individuals seek information that confirms their existing beliefs or decisions.

Means-end heuristic

A problem-solving strategy where the current position is compared to the desired goal and steps are taken to reduce the difference.

Alternate forms reliability

A type of reliability assessment involving administering different but equivalent versions of a test to compare consistency.

Jean Piaget

A developmental psychologist known for stages of cognitive development like sensorimotor and concrete operational stages.

Lev Vygotsky

Associated with the "zone of proximal development" concept explaining the role of a teacher or knowledgeable peer in a child's learning.

Teratogens

Agents or factors that can harm the developing fetus during pregnancy.