HS 3810 Final Exam Prep with 100% accurate solutions + rationales

Which of the following is a mandate of the Affordable Care Act of the United States of America?

a. That most Americans purchase health insurance

b. Subsidy provisions- making insurance more affordable

c. Basic income provisions for all Americans

d. Both A&B

e. Both B & C

d. Both A&B

With the 2010 inception of the Affordable Care Act in the USA, Medicaid was expanded to include adults living with incomes below 133 % of poverty.

True

The life Expectancy at birth of someone born in Sweden is 72 years old.

False

The National Health Service (NHS) of the United States was created by an Act in 1921 based on the recommendations of Sir William Beveridge.

False

The Beveridge Report discusses mainly the disease burden of the early 20th century and how to control disease through strategically placed medical services.

False

Within The Beveridge Model, there is an insistence that it is the full duty of the state, and the state alone, to ensure optimal health of its citizens.

False

Health care systems are static. They fundamental underpinnings are often unchangeable, often acting as a "check and balance" against the electorate, with the political arm disallowed to influence policy or system change.

False

Match the following definition with the correct key concept below: "Everyone could attain their full health potential and no-one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of their social position or other socially determined factors."

a. Health Equity

b. Social inequities in health

c. Actions to promote health equity

d. Equity in health care

e. None of the above

a. Health Equity

In the market-based health care system, the ability to pay for a health service is directly linked to your health seeking behavior.

True

Which of the following were political goals of the Romanian Heath care reform?

a. Free access to medical services

b. Improve health status of the population

c. Improve efficiency in the use of resources

d. All of the Above

e. B & C only

e. B & C only

According to at least one model, indicated that the risk of being uninsured was stronger in young adults and Hispanics in 2010 at the beginning of the inception of the Affordable Care Act in the USA.

True

In which declaration was Primary Health Care articulated as a way to unify thinking about health within a single policy framework?

a. Ottawa Charter, 1986

b. Alma Ata, 1978

c. Montreal Declaration, 2010

d. Basel Convention, 1989

e. Stockholm Convention, 2004

b. Alma Ata, 1978

As demonstrated by the case study on the high level health reform in Kazakhstan, the WHO/World Bank/ Global Fund health policy Monitoring Framework is a solid 'pre-packaged' toolkit for the monitoring and evaluation of health reform. This toolkit, by virtue of its global design requires little to no tailoring and can be applied to just about any middle-income country context.

False

Which of the following could be considered a key critique of the SHI model within the context of achieving Universal Health Coverage in low-and middle-income countries, as demonstrated in Kyrgzstan since 1997?

a. Universality

b. Equity

c. Comprehensiveness

d. Equality

e. Access

b. Equity

It was projected that all families in California would see a reduction in their insurance costs, with lower taxes and personal contributions to insurance, due to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2014

False

In the market-based reforms to the health care system in China, health promotion and disease prevention are two public health issues that often get ignored.

False

'Public' or Beveridge Healthcare systems in general spend less of their Gross National Product (GNP) as a percentage than Bismarckian Systems.

True

The National Health Service (NHS) is the pioneer of universal, publicly financed health insurance, and can likely be credited with much of the improvement in health of the British population since its inception.

True

Match the following definition with the correct key concept below: "Systematic differences in health status between different socioeconomic groups or areas; because these differences are socially produced, they are perceived as unfair and the differences are modifiable by public action."

a. Health Equity

b. Social inequities in health

c. Actions to promote health equity

d. Equity in health care

e. None of the above

b. Social inequities in health

According to the WHO, which of the following health related targets outlined by the MDGs have been met?

a. Halting and reversing the Global Epidemic of HIV, Tuberculosis, and malaria

b. Over 90% of the global population using an improved drinking water source

c. a 50% reduction in the global prevalence of underweightedness in children aged less than 5

d. All of the above have been achieved at the Global level

e. A & B only

e. A & B only

Match the following definition with the correct key concept below: "One aspect of the larger concept of equity, this concept implies fair arrangements that allow equal geographic, economic, and cultural access to available services for all in equal need of care."

a. Health Equity

b. Social inequities in health

c. Actions to promote health equity

d. Equity in health care

e. None of the above

d. Equity in health care

Healthcare Systems in different countries are strongly influenced by the underlying norms and values prevailing in respective societies.

True

The life Expectancy at birth of someone born in Japan in 2013 is 72 years old

False

According to one of your readings (Anderson et al), written prior to the installation of the Affordable Care Act, the United States had much higher health spending, but a lower use of health services when compared to other OECD countries.

True

Trust is considered to be a vital element of the therapeutic alliance and may influence health seeking behavior.

True

Since 1986 Japan has ranked first in the world in men's life expectancy at birth, which reached 71 in 2014.

False

According to one of your readings (Anderson et al), written prior to the installation of the Affordable Care Act, the United States had much higher health spending per capita because of the higher use of health services when compared to other OECD countries.

False

Which of the following are earmarks of the Japanese effort to incrementally address and improve the equity in the social insurance system?

a. Implementing cross subsidies and tax transfers that contribute to income redistribution and risk pooling

b. Implementing a single reimbursement fee schedule for all physicians and patients

c. Expanding health coverage population group by population group through policies designed specifically for each group

d. All of the above

e. Both A & B

e. Both A & B

As of 2015 many countries around the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, had not achieved the MDGs.

True

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 in the United States of America is the most fundamental transformation of the US health care system in the last 40 years. True or False?

True

Which of the following is not a guiding principle of the Beveridge report?

a. Environmental Context

b. Innovation (New ideas, New plans, and a break from the 'status quo')

c. Social Insurance as a part of a wider social-security policy

d. Co-operation between the state and the individual

e. All of the Above

a. Environmental Context

The cornerstone of a successful SHI system, as in Germany, is that all rules, policies, and procedures are written and enshrined in law.

True

Which of the following is the most common way to measure health care spending?

a. United States Dollar

b. Great British Pound

c. Public Spending

d. Private Spending

e. As a % of the GDP

e. As a % of the GDP

Anecdotal evidence does suggest that the poorest households also have to pay the highest interest rates on health-care related loans, in comparison to non-poor households.

True

Japan successfully reached full health insurance coverage of its population while it was still relatively poor. This occurred in 1961 when Japan had a Gross Domestic Product half the size of Great Britain.

True

A study, called the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service was:

a. Federally Funded

b. About untreated Syphilis in Black men

c. An example of why many African Americans may distrust medical research distrust

d. Ethically wrong

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following was not an identified barrier to success for low-income countries in the achievement of the health MDGs as described by the High Level Forum on achieving the Health MDGs?

a. Shortfalls in the health workforce

b. Combatting HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

c. lack of donor coordination

d. weak information systems

e. Both B & C

b. Combatting HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

The High Level Forum on achieving the Health Millennium Development Goals identified major shortfalls in the health workforce, lack of donor coordination, and weak information systems as critical challenges to achieving the Millennium Health Goals.

A good health financing system does which of the following:

a. Provides equitable access to essential medicines

b. Protects citizens from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay health fees

c. Provides incentives for providers and users to be more efficient

d. All of the above

e. Both B & C only

e. Both B & C only

The goal of Taiwan's health care reform in 1995 was to establish an effective and socially affordable universal health insurance.

True

Consumer education, which is often advocated for, supposes that after objective information is provided, the population will be able to make better decisions about which health service to access. However, for various reasons, including the anxiety associated with sickness and the related decision-making processes while under duress.

True

Sweden has a decentralized health care system.

True

Match the term to the following definition: Whether arenas of conflict in reform are public or bureaucratic; and the resources for implementation and sustainability.

a. Environmental Context

b. Political Context

c. Agenda-Setting Context

d. Policy Characteristics

e. Socio-economic Context

d. Policy Characteristics

Which of the following is not one of the SDG Health Targets under SDG 3?

a. By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

b. Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

c. By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

d. All of the above are SDH Health Targets under SDG 3

e. A & B only

d. All of the above are SDH Health Targets under SDG 3

The milestones achieved by _______ countries in health care accessibility include ___________, and _____________________.

a. BRIC, expansion of coverage, expansion of services covered

b. G20, expansion of budgets, expansion of services covered

c. G7, expansion of budgets, expansion of budgets

d. UNDP, expansion of powers, development of a single payer system

e. UN Security Council, expansion of powers, expansion of services

a. BRIC, expansion of coverage, expansion of services covered

As characterized by the relatively recent health care reforms in the Czech Republic, Healthcare systems work best when built and maintained outside of the influence of politics and culture.

False

In 2015 the UN Millennium Declarations was signed by 189 countries, and became 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for development and poverty eradication.

False

Which, according to your readings, is not a principle of the Canada Health Act of 1984?

a. Universality

b. Comprehensiveness

c. Accessibility

d. Publicly Administered

e. Lowering the Disease Burden

e. Lowering the Disease Burden

In 1995, Taiwan inaugurated compulsory universal health insurance financed mainly by payroll tax, and some cost-sharing.

True

Based on their funding, which of the following is not a main model of healthcare?

a. Beveridge Model

b. Primary Health Care Model

c. Bismarck Model

d. Private Insurance Model

e. All of the above are main models of healthcare

b. Primary Health Care Model

According to at least one model, almost half (44%) of US adults (ages 19-46 years of age) were underinsured or uninsured in 2010, at the beginning of the early implementation of the Affordable Care Act in the USA. True or False?

True

In addition to the exposure to out-of-pocket expenses, it has been documented that the underinsured often incur premium expenses that are high relative to their incomes in 2010, at the beginning of the inception of the Affordable Care Act in the USA.

True

Which of the following are highlighted as areas for equity concern within the Swedish health care system?

a. Wait times for consultations and treatment

b. Lack of patient centeredness of care

c. Distribution of services

d. All of the above

e. Both A & B

d. All of the above

Which, according to your readings, is the 'principle virtueʼ of the Beveridge Report?

a. It has been Universal from its inception

b. It is tax-financed

c. It supports rehabilitative care

d. A & B only

e. A & C only

a. It has been Universal from its inception

Key Factors in the making of health policy, according to the work of Grindle and Thomas (1991) are: environmental context, agenda setting circumstances, and the policy characteristics.

True

Prior to 1978, China had a heavily market-based health care system, with 'Barefoot Doctorsʼ and other social issues resulting.

False

The Czech Republic has used a National Health Insurance mode since 1992.

False

Since 1986 Japan has ranked first in the world in menʼs life expectancy at birth, which reached 71 in 2014.

False