VCE PE Unit 1 AOS 2

What role does the cardiorespiratory system play in movement?

The cardiorespiratory system provides oxygen to the muscles and removes carbon dioxide, facilitating efficient movement and performance during physical activity.

What are the main structures of the cardiovascular system?

The main structures include the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.

What is the function of the heart?

The heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.

What are arteries?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the tissues.

What are veins?

Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

What are capillaries?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, water and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

What is pulmonary circulation?

Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back, allowing for gas exchange.

What is systemic circulation?

Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

What are cardiovascular responses at rest?

At rest, heart rate and blood pressure are lower, and blood flow is directed primarily to vital organs.

What are cardiovascular responses during exercise?

During exercise, heart rate increases, stroke volume increases, and blood flow is redirected to working muscles.

What are the major structures of the respiratory system?

mouth and nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

What is inspiration?

Inspiration is the process of taking air into the lungs, involving the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

What is expiration?

Expiration is the process of expelling air from the lungs.

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume.

What is heart rate?

Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute.

What is stroke volume?

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

What is cardiac output?

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

How do HR, SV, and Q change during exercise?

During exercise, heart rate and stroke volume increase, leading to an increase in cardiac output.

Why can cardiac output remain the same after training even when heart rate decreases?

After training, stroke volume increases, allowing the heart to pump the same amount of blood with fewer beats.

What is the formula for ventilation?

Ventilation = Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume.

How does ventilation change during exercise?

Ventilation increases during exercise to meet the higher oxygen demands of the body.

What is gaseous exchange?

Gaseous exchange is the process of oxygen entering the blood and carbon dioxide being removed at the alveoli and muscles.

What is diffusion?

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What is thermoregulation?

Thermoregulation is the process by which the body maintains its core internal temperature.

What is vasodilation?

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the skin to release heat.

What is vasoconstriction?

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow to conserve heat.

What are acute responses to exercise?

Acute responses are immediate physiological changes that occur during and after exercise, such as increased heart rate and ventilation.

What is oxygen deficit?

Oxygen deficit is the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen consumed.

What is steady state?

Steady state is the point during exercise where oxygen supply is able to meet oxygen demand, causing heart rate and breathing to plateau at a constant level.

What is EPOC?

EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption) is the increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity to restore the body to its resting state.

What is a-vO₂ difference?

a-vO₂ difference is the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood, indicating how much oxygen is used by tissues.

What is aerobic training?

Aerobic training involves exercises that improve the efficiency of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems by increasing endurance.

What is EPO?

EPO (Erythropoietin) is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, enhancing oxygen delivery to muscles.

What is blood doping?

Blood doping is the practice of increasing the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream to enhance athletic performance.

What is altitude training?

Altitude training involves training at high altitudes to improve oxygen efficiency and endurance.

What is the role of thermoregulation during exercise?

Thermoregulation helps maintain optimal body temperature during exercise, preventing overheating and ensuring performance.

What are the benefits of EPO?

EPO can enhance endurance by increasing red blood cell count, improving oxygen transport to muscles.

What are the harms of blood doping?

Blood doping can lead to increased risk of blood clots, heart attack, and stroke due to elevated blood viscosity.

What are the ethical issues related to doping?

Ethical issues include fairness in competition, health risks to athletes, and the integrity of sports.

What are sociocultural pressures influencing athletes?

Sociocultural pressures can include expectations to perform at high levels, peer influence, and societal norms regarding success.

Heart rate (HR)

The number of times your heart beats per minute

Stroke volume (SV)

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat

Cardiac output (Q)

Total amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

Cardiac output equation

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

Vasoconstriction

tightening or narrowing of blood vessels

Vasodilation

widening of the blood vessels that allows for increased blood flow

Redistribution of blood flow

Vasoconstriction occurs in the blood vessels supplying the inactive areas of the body and vasodilation occurs in the blood vessels supplying the working muscles

Systolic blood pressure

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle (heart) contracts and forces blood out into circulation

Diastolic blood pressure

the pressure remaining in the arteries when the left ventricle (heart) is relaxed and refilling

Normal blood pressure reading

120/80 mmHg

Red blood cells

Blood cells that carry oxygen, contains haemoglobin and give blood its red colour

White blood cells

Blood cells which fight infection and provide immunity

Platelets

Has the role of blood clotting in the blood

Plasma

The liquid part of blood which contains 90% water

Hypothermia

abnormally low body temperature

Hyperthermia

Abnormally high body temperature

a-vO2 difference

The difference in oxygen concentration between arteries and veins in the blood

Acute responses to exercises

Short-term/immediate changes that occur in the body from rest to exercise to deliver oxygen to working muscles

Pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

a vein carrying oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Aorta

Largest artery in the body which carries oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body

Superior vena cava

A vein that carries oxygen poor blood back from the upper parts of the body back to the heart

Inferior vena cava

A vein that carries oxygen poor blood back from the lower parts of the body back to the heart

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygen rich blood into the aorta then to the body

Left atrium

Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs

Right atrium

Receives oxygen poor blood from the body

Right ventricle

Pumps oxygen poor blood to the pulmonary artery then to the lungs

Valves

Pulmonary valve, aortic valve, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve which prevent the back flow of blood in the heart

Septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

Define Heart rate

Heart beats per minute

Define Stroke volume

Amount of blood pumped into arteries each contraction

Define Cardiac output

Amount of blood pumped into the arteries per minute

Define AVO2

Oxygen taken up by the tissue of a muscle, measured by the difference in oxygen concentration between arterial and venous blood

Define Tidal volume

Amount of air moved inhaled and exhaled per breath

Define Ventilation

Volume of air moved in and out of the respiratory system each minute

Define VO2 Max

Maximum oxygen uptake and utilisation in one minute

In inspiration the diaphragm does what?

Contracts

In expiration the diaphragm does what?

Relaxes

Pulmonary diffusion does what?

Delivers oxygen into blood and removes carbon dioxide

Name 5 functions of the circulatory system?

Circulate blood

Transport water, oxygen and nutrients to cells

Transport wastes

Maintain body temp (Thermoregulation)

Fight disease

Name the three components of the circulatory system?

Heart

Blood

Blood vessels

Name 3 types of blood vessels?

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Arteries carry blood where?

Away from the heart to the rest of the body

Capillaries main purpose is?

Exchange of substances between blood and organs

The coronary artery feeds oxygen and nutrients to what?

The heart

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Carry oxygen attached to haemoglobin to the cells

What is the main function of white blood cells?

Fight disease

Main function of platelets is to?

Clot and stop blood loss and haemorrhaging

Plasma does what?

Acts as the fluid for blood cells to travel inThe

The Pulmonary Blood circuit is the?

Blood flow between heart and lungs

The Systemic Blood circuit is the?

Blood flow between the rest of the body and the heart

Name the two main methods of blood flow control?

Vasodilation

Vasoconstruction

Name 3 training adaptations of the circulatory system.

Left Ventricle Hypertrophy

Increased Capillary network

Increased Red blood cell production

Functions of the respiratory system

• Gas exchange → Oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves blood at alveoli.

• Breathing mechanics → Diaphragm and intercostal muscles move air in and out.

• Air conditioning → Nose filters, warms, and humidifies air.

• Blood pH regulation → Controls carbon dioxide levels to keep balance.

Name 4 components of the respiratory system

Mouth

Nose

Airways

Lungs