Med. terminoloģija ENG

Blood, Cardiovascular , Respiratory , Urinary , Digestive , Integumentary , Muscular , nervous, skeletal

Anemia

The blood carries a reduced amount of oxygen.

Anticoagulant

A chemical that can prevent clot formation.

Bacteriemia

Presence of bacteria in the blood.

Clot

Term used to describe a semisolid mass of cells and proteins that forms to stop bleeding from a broken blood vessel.

Erythrocyte

red blood cell

Erythropoiesis

the process of red blood cell formation in bone marrow

Erythropoietin

Hormone produced by the kidneys that controls erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation in bone marrow)

Fibrinogen

A protein produced by the liver that circulates in the plasma as a plasma protein. When fibrinogen encounters activated platelets it attaches and is converted into fibrin as part of the clotting process.

Hematocrit

The blood is spun in a centrifuge and the ratio of packed red blood cells (RBCs) to the total volume.

Hemoglobin

A large 4 part protein combined with 4 molecule containing iron (Fe). The iron can bind reversibly with oxygen. Hemoglobin is intensely colored and is what gives blood its color.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

This is an anemia seen in newborns and is usually caused by an incompatible Rh factor between the child’s blood and the mother’s blood. Antibodies produced by the mother, in response to the child blood, destroy many of the child’s RBCs which causes anemia.

Hemophilia

An X-linked genetic condition, seen primarily in males, which prevents normal blood clotting

Hemorrhage

to bleed from a broken, cut or ruptured blood vessel

Hemorrhagic anemia:

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity due to loss of blood through bleeding.

Hemostasis

body’s ability to stop blood flow from a broken or cut blood vessel. NOT HOMEOSTASIS

Leukocyte

white blood cell

Normocytic

normal amount of erythrocytes

Normovolemic

normal blood volume.

Packed red blood cells

When whole blood is spun in a centrifuge and the plasma is then removed, the remaining volume is called packed cells or packed red blood cells

Platelets

small cell fragments (without a nucleus) that have the ability to cluster in areas of vessel injuries and create a physical barrier to blood flow through the injured vessel.

Polycythemia

A condition in which too many RBCs are produced and the RBC count and hematocrit becomes much higher than normal.

Red blood cell count

the number of erythrocytes per microliter of whole blood volume.

Reticulocytes

Immature red blood cells that still have their nucleus. Normally reticulocytes extrude their nucleus and become erythrocytes outside the circulation and then the erythrocyte enters the circulation.

Septicemia

Blood infection caused by a pathogenic bacterium.

Transfusion

taking blood from one person and giving it to someone else.

White blood cell count

total number of leukocytes

Aneurysm

If an area of a weakened artery begins to enlarge, bulge (выпирать) or distend (раздуваться) the bulging or distended area is called an aneurysm

Angina pectoris

An ischemic (restricted blood flow and oxygen supply to tissues, causing cellular dysfunction or death) condition of the heart which can produce chest pain on exertion (усилие).

Arteriosclerosis

This condition develops when arterial walls become thickened and less elastic.

Atherosclerosis

buildup of plaque—fat, cholesterol, and calcium—inside artery walls, causing them to harden and narrow, which limits oxygen-rich blood flow to tissues.

Bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute).

Cardiac pace maker (SA node)

Specialized tissue, located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, that set the overall heart beat rate for the heart. If this tissue fails, patients can have artificial pacemakers implanted to take over the function of the failed pacemaker

Cardiomyopathies

Any disease that involves progressive degeneration of the myocardium.

Coronary artery by-pass surgery

creates a new path for blood to go around a blocked or partially blocked artery in the heart.

Coronary artery disease (CAD):

coronary arteries are compromised, weakened or reduced in diameter.

ECG

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

Embolus

A blood clot(s) that has broken free of a vessel wall and is circulating with the blood.

Endocarditis

inflammation of the lining or inner most layer of the heart wall.

Heart murmur

an abnormal heart sound

Mitral valve prolapse

mitral valve fails to close properly

Myocardial infarction (heart attack

A condition in which a coronary artery become occluded (закупоренный).

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the   myocardium or cardiac muscle tissue of the heart.

Myocardium

cardiac muscle that makes up the wall of the heart.

Necrosis

Tissue death as a secondary cause of another problem.

Pericarditis

the inflammation of the pericardium

Stethoscope

Device used to listen to the chest or to hear arterial sounds while taking a blood pressure

Tachycardia

An abnormally fast heart rate (greater than 100 beats per minute)

Thrombus

A blood clot within a blood vessel that is attached to the vessel wall

Valvular stenosis

Narrowing of a heart valve. Stenosis often leads to a high pitched, whistling type murmur.

Asthma

condition characterized by hypersensitive airways, susceptible to inflammation and bronchospasms.

Atelectasis

a condition in which part of, or an entire lung collapses.

Bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchial tree.

Bronchodilation

relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle in response to a bronchodilator medication.

Bronchoscope

a flexible, tubular instrument (with light) that can be inserted into the trachea of observation or removal of foreign objects.

Bronchospasm

contraction of the smooth muscles that surround the bronchial tree.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

any of several chronic lung diseases that let to reduced alveolar aeration.

Cough

respiratory reflex used to expel objects or secretions from the respiratory system.

Cystic fibrosis

an inherited disease of the exocrine glands of the lungs and pancreas. Lung secretions become too viscous to me eliminated from the lower respiratory system.

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing.

Emphysema

chronic, progressive disease which producing shortness of breath resulting from progressive destruction of gas exchange surfaces.

Epiglottitis

inflammation of the epiglottis

Epistaxis

nose bleed.

Expectorate

to cough material up from the respiratory passages and lungs.

Hemoptysis

coughing up of blood.

Hoarse

change in the quality of the voice when someone has a sore throat or laryngitis.

Hypercapnia

above normal CO₂ levels in the blood.

Hypoxia

inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

Laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx.

Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup):

an inflammation common in infants that causes breathing difficulty and causes the child to have hoarse cough.

Nebulization

a medical device that converts liquid medication into a fine mist (aerosol) to be inhaled directly into the lungs through a mouthpiece or mask

Pharyngitis

 inflammation of the pharynx (sore throat).

Pleural effusion

an abnormal buildup of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest cavity, often referred to as "fluid on the lungs."

Phlegm

thick mucus secreted by the respiratory passages which can be coughed up.

Pneumonia

infection of the lung lobules characterized by accumulation of fluid in alveoli, edema of bronchioles, or brochiolespasm.

Pneumothorax

an opening in the thoracic wall that allows air into the pleural cavity

Pulmonary edema

excess fluid buildup in the lung's air sacs (alveoli), causing severe breathing difficulty, rapid breathing, frothy sputum, and low oxygen levels

Pulmonary embolism

blockage of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot.

Purulent

a discharge containing pus. гной

Respiratory distress syndrome

condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant; which results in the collapse of alveoli and reduction of gas exchange.

Rhinitis

inflammation of the mucosa lining the nose and nasopharynx.

Sinusitis

inflammation of the mucosa lining the sinuses.

Sputum

mucus mixed with pus expectorated from the respiratory passages.

Stridor

a harsh creaking respiratory sound created by obstructive respiratory conditions.

Surfactant

a substance produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension caused by the thin film of water that covers the alveolar mucosa.

Tachypnea:

rapid breathing.

Thoracentesis

removal of a sample of pleural fluid for diagnostic purposes or to relieve fluid build-up.

Tracheostomy:

insertion of a tube though an opening cut in the anterior wall of the trachea.

Tuberculosis

bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Wheeze

high pitched respiratory sound produced when air is forced through narrowed passageways.

Catheterization

The process of placing a catheter into the bladder to drain urine from the bladder.

Clean catch

Method used to get a urine sample.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD):

manual, machine-free form of home dialysis for kidney failure that uses the body's peritoneal membrane to filter blood

Cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder.

Dip stick urine tests

Quick test for urine in which a plastic strip with various reagents patches is immersed in a urine sample.

Diuretic

A substance [caffeine, alcohol] or drug [furosemide (Lasix), that increases urine production.

Dysuria

Difficult or painful urination

Frequency

A symptom of cystitis in which the patient feels that they must urinate much more frequently than normal.

Glucosuria

Presence of glucose in the urine

Gonorrhea

Type of urethritis caused by Neisseria gonorhoeae

Hematuria

Presence of blood in the urine