Psychology Weak topics

Locus Of Control as an Explaination for resisting social influence

• Internals- Responsible for their own actions/lives

• Externals-Luck or other forces

• Internals more likely to resist SI due to being confident, goal oriented and responsible for themselves

Rotter

Strengths of Resistance to Social Influence

-Holland: Repeated Milgrams study and found intervals were less likely to go to highest voltage (37% resisted) compared to externals (23% resisted)

-Rosenthalle:German women resisted social influence from authority telling them to stop protesting for their jewish husbands release or they’d be killed-we’re successful with husbands release

-Albrecht: People more likely to resists smoking when they had an older buddy to support them

Zimbardo Evaluation Limitation

-Overestimating power of social roles: Fromm-only 1/3 of Guards demonstrated brutal behaviour- another third were sympathetic (Zimbardo) offering cigarettes and reinstated privileges

-Unethical

Social Change Limitation

Jessica Nolan et al. (2008) aimed to see i f they could change people's energy-use habits. The researchers hung messages on the front doors of houses every week for one month. The key message was that most residents were trying to reduce their energy usage. As a control, some residents had a difforont message that just asked them to savo onorgy but made no reference to other peoples behaviour. There were significant decreases in energy usage in the first group compared to the second.

Yuile and Cuteshalls Anxiety positive effect findings

-88% recall high anxiety

-75% recall low anxiety

Köhnken’s Support of Cognitive Interview

Conducted a Meta Analysis comparing 55 Cognitive interview techniques to standard police interviews. Increase in correct info 41%. 4 studies no difference. Also Increase in incorrect info

Gilroy Treating Phobias Evaluation

42 patients SD 3, 45 minute sessions. Reduction in fear was compared to a control group at 3+ 33 months. SD showed greater reduction in fear

March CBT evaluation

327 sufferers CBT or Antidepressant or both- 36 weeks

• 81% improvement CBT and for Antidepressants

• 86% both

Meltzoff and Moore

3 hand gestures or facial expressions 2-3 weeks

Filmed and was observed

Found correlation with babies reaction

Isabella et al

• 30 mothers

• Assessed degree of synchrony

• And quality of attachment

• Found strong correlation between high synchrony and high quality attached

Feild’s Study

• 4 month old babies

• Primary Caregiver Mothers and Fathers and Secondary Caregiver Fathers

• PC interacted more with infants

Geiger Study

• 56 parents interactions with infants

• Fathers were describe as more playful and exciting

• Mothers were caring

Strange Situation Participants

• 100

• middle class

• american

• infants aged 12-18 months and their mother

Myron Wilson and Smith Procedure

• Questionaire

• 196 children

• 7-11 years old

• London

Cognitive Approach Beliefs

1. The mind actively processes information from our senses, mental processes.

2. These mental processes can and should be studied scientifically, they studied areas rejected by BA such as memory, perception and thinking.

3. Mental Processes studied indirectly by making inferences.

4. The human mind and computers are very much alike.

What are EEGs

A record of the tiny electrical impulses produced by the brains activity. By measuring characteristic wave patterns the EEG can help diagnose certain conditions of the brain

Evaluation of Circadian Rhythms

• Issues with generalisation: Based on very small samples of participants where there may be individual differences (just one i n the case of Siffre). Duffy revealed that some people have a natural preference for going to bed early and rising early (known as larks) whereas others prefer the opposite('owls). Even Siffre, in a later study, observed that his own sleep/wake cycle had slowed down

• Aspirin for Heart attacks is most effective at night as heart attacks are most likely in the morning

What is the SCN

• A bundle of nerves in the hypothalamus:

• connected to the eye cross in an area called optic chiasm on their way to the visual area of the cerebral cortex

• Receives light info even when eyes closed-enables sleep wake cycle to align with daylight

Decoursey’s procedure

• 30 chipmunks

• 80 day