Second Half of Additives

Result of Europe banning/reducing Growth Promoting Antibiotics (GPA)

Result is a greater overall use of antibiotics because of an increase in clinical disease

Antibiotics in Pigs

Feed cost: $0.25

Rate of gain: $1.00

Farrowing rate: $0.39

# live pigs born: $0.55

Reduced mortality: $0.44

Antibiotics/ Ionophores in Feedlot Cattle

Reduced mortality: $ 1.20

Improved gain: $1.00

Improved feed efficiency: $12.00

Reduced liver abcesses: $0.50

Anabolic Steroids in Feedlot Cattle

Improved gain: $2.90

Improved feed efficiency: $12.00

Carcass value: $2.00

GPAs in Pigs

the use of GPA has almost completely eliminated. There may be instances where small amounts are used in nursery pigs

Antibiotic Controversy

Laws have been passed so that only a veterinarian can prescribe antibiotics to animals.

Antibiotic Use in Agriculture

• Farm use = unclear link to human resistance

• Humans/pets may use more antibiotics overall

• Bans → more animal disease + higher costs

Causes of Antibiotic Resistance

• Over-prescribing antibiotics

• Patients not finishing their treatment

• Over-use of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming

• Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics

• Lack of hygiene and poor sanitation

• Lack of new antibiotics being developed

Compounds added to Broiler Feed - Antibacterials: bacitracin, virginiamycin

Action: Reduce growth of pathogens

Future: Decreasing use

Compounds added to Broiler Feed - Coccidiostats: ionophores

Action: Direct effect on bacteria

Future: Becoming controversial, may be replaced by vaccines

Compounds added to Broiler Feed - Organic Acids: propionate, formic,lactic

Action: Bactericidal for some organisms

Future: Increasing use

Compounds added to Broiler Feed - Probiotics, Competitive Exclusion

Action: Compete with pathogens, inconsistent responses

Future: ?

Compounds added to Broiler Feed - Prebiotics: oligosaccharides

Action:Favor growth of non-pathogens

Future: Increasing use

Compounds added to Broiler Feed - Natural products: plant extracts, spices

Action: Stimulate digestion (?), may have some antibacterial activity

Future: Increasing use, inconsistent responses

Compounds added to Broiler Feed - Digestive Enzymes: β-glucanase, xylanases

Action: improve digestibility

Future: Well-established for wheat, barley.

Metabolism Modifiers - Growth Promotants: Chemotherapeutic agents

– Copper sulfate

– Arsenicals – very limited use

– Zinc oxide

– Non-antibiotics that have similar effects

Metabolism Modifiers - Growth Promotants: Chromium

– Organic chromium (salt of picolinic acid)

» improves sow performance

» Repartitioning agent

» Enbances Immune function

Effects of antibiotics and copper sulfate in growing pigs

Adding antibiotics and copper sulfate helps pigs grow faster and more efficiently.

Additives that Alter Consumer Acceptance - Color

– Xanthophylls, marigold petals

– Color pigments affecting egg yolk or fat color

Additives that Alter Consumer Acceptance - Nutraceuticals

– CLA, omega-3

– Health benefit claims due to content in food

Feed Additives Summary

• Compounds that enhance feed manufacturing or feed quality

• Compounds that enhance growth performance

• Compounds that affect the consumer

Animal Agriculture and the Environment - Nitrogen

– Reduce crude protein

– Substitue crystalline amino acids

– Lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan

Animal Agriculture and the Environment - Phosphorous

– Reduce level (minimize excess)

– Substitute phytase for dicalcium phosphate