Bio Evolution test

Miller & Urey

found out that simple organic compounds (amino acids) can make living things

Early Earth conditions

HOT with many volcanoes, had lots of CO2 but little oxygen

Endosymbiotic Theory

Eukaryotic cells formed when prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller bacteria that then became organelles

Why? organelles have their own DNA that resembles bacteria

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

hypothetical earliest common ancestor of all that is living and is a single-celled, prokaryotic organism

Lamarck

“change through use and disuse”

happens over a lifetime

Darwin

“survival of the fittest” populations evolve over generations

Relative Dating

put fossils in order of age without an exact number

absolute dating

determines the exact age of a fossil in years using radiometric

polygenic traits

traits controlled by many genes leading to a wide range of differences ex. skin color, hair, height

stabilizing selection

selects for average but aganist both extremes

Directional selection

selecting for one extreme and against the other

Disruptive Selection

selecting for both extremes but against the average

hardy weinberg equilibrium

shows if a population is evolving and the allele frequencies

geographic (ALLOPATRIC) isolation

when organisms are separated by a barrier ex. river, mountain

reproductive (SYMPATRIC) isolation

breeding+ fertilization is blocked by # of chromosomes and mating habits

Prezygotic

stops mating attempts + unlikely for fertilization to occur

Postzygotic

prevents hybrid from developing or breeding

hady Weinberg conditions

No natural selection, mutations, genetic flow, large population, random mating (NO MONEY, GET RICH, LIVE)

Temporal isolation

each reproduces at different times and thus cannot mate.

Behavioral isolation

occurs when two species have differences in courtship or mating behaviors, preventing them from interbreeding.

Mechanical isolation

reproductive structures are incompatible

gamete isolation

when the egg and sperm DO NOT fertilize and create a zygote

Hybrid inviability

hybrid zygote IS NOT VIABLE and dies