Module 5 Respiratory System Lab Practice

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Respiratory System

A system that supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Consists of a series of structures that allow for the passage of air into the body.

Cellular Respiration

The use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by the cells

External Respiration

The movement of gases into the body and blood.

Upper Respiratory System

The division of the respiratory system that consists of the nose and nasal cavity, the sinuses, pharynx, and larynx

Lower Respiratory System

The division of the respiratory system that consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli.

Nasal Cavity

The large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Lined with epithelium containing hairs. Air moves into it through the nostrils.

columnar mucous-secreting goblet cells

The epithelium in the nasal cavity contains _______ and _______-______ _____ ______

Lamina Propria

A highly vascular area under the epithelium in the nasal cavity (as well as all other mucous membranes in the body). The vascularization helps to provide heat and humidity to the air of the nasal cavity

Conchae

Bony protuberances in the nasal cavity. There are superior, middle, and inferior conchae. Their purpose is to create turbulent airflow, warm the air, and increase contact with the nasal mucosa and hairs so that the mucosa can pick up particles.

Nasal Septum

Formed by two bones; divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions. The superior portion consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the inferior portion consists of the vomer bone. The anterior portion consists of cartilage.

Meati

Superior, middle, and inferior grooves that allow air to flow between the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasolacrimal ducts.

Hard Palate

Creates the floor of the nasal cavity. Formed by the maxilla (anterior) and palatine (posterior) bones. Separates the nasal and oral cavities. Anterior of the soft palate and uvula.

Internal Nares

Ways of passage where air can exit the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx.

Nasopharynx

The upper portion of the pharynx. Begins posterior to the conchae and extends inferior to the soft palate.

Uvula

Structure that raises to close of the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent substances from moving into the nasopharynx.

Oropharynx

Inferior to the nasopharynx and extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis. A shared passageway for air and substances on their way to the digestive tract

Laryngopharynx

The most inferior portion of the pharynx. Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the larynx. Lines with stratified squamous epithelium.

Larynx

Begins at the base of the tongue and extends to the trachea. Consists of 9 cartilages that are interconnected with muscles and ligaments.

thyroid

The largest of the cartilages is the ______ cartilage (adam’s apple).

cricoid

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ______ cartilage.

Epiglottis

An elastic cartilage flap that closes during swallowing to keep substances from moving into the trachea and air passages.

arytenoid cartilages

a pair of small, pyramid-shaped structures located in the larynx (voice box). They sit atop the cricoid cartilage and serve as the primary attachment points for the vocal cords.

corniculate cartilages

two small, cone-shaped nodules made of elastic cartilage. They are paired structures in the larynx (the voice box) located at the very top of the larger arytenoid cartilages

cuneiform cartilages

paired, small, club-shaped accessory cartilages of the larynx. Made of elastic cartilage, they are suspended within the aryepiglottic folds on either side of the larynx. They do not directly articulate with other laryngeal cartilages

Thyrohyoid Membrane

a broad, fibro-elastic sheet in the neck that connects the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone. It provides structural support to the larynx and allows it to move upward during swallowing

laryngeal prominence

the protruding, visible part of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx (voice box). It serves to protect the vocal cords and front of the neck

cricothyroid ligament

a strong, fibrous band connecting the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx. It helps stabilize the laryngeal cartilages.

cricotracheal ligament

Ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage with the first ring of the trachea.

tracheal cartilages

the 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of strong, flexible hyaline cartilage that form the structural framework of the human windpipe (trachea)

Vocal Cords

A structure that resides in the larynx and consists of two pairs of ligaments that extend from the arytenoid to the thyroid cartilages. The superior set is called the false ____ _____, while the inferior set is called the true _____ _____.

Glottis

A triangular space formed when the vocal cords are relaxed.

higher lower

The vibration of smaller areas of the vocal cords results in _____ pitches, while _____ pitches are produced by longer vocal cords

longer

Males typically have ______ vocal cords than females.

trachea

Air travels from the larynx to the ______.

Trachea

A tubular structure consisting of dense connective tissue and rings of hyaline cartilage. Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The epithelium moves substances toward the larynx and esophagus for swallowing.

Posteriorly

The hyaline cartilage rings do not completely encircle the trachea, but are open __________

Carina

Area where the inferior end of the trachea divides into right and left bronchi.

Trachealis

 A muscle that is located at the posterior section of the trachea. It can constrict and contract the trachea. It usually ends at about the level of the fifth thoracic segment.

secondary lobar bronchi tertiary segmental bronchi

The right and left bronchi originate from the carina, and divide into smaller branches called ______ or ______ ______ . They then divide into smaller branches called ______ or ______ ______ .

less more smooth muscle

As bronchi get smaller, there is ____ cartilage and ____ smooth muscle until reaching the tertiary bronchi, which consist entirely of _____ _______, which can constrict the bronchi and impede air passage

terminal respiratory

Bronchioles divide to form _____ bronchioles, which divide to form ________ bronchioles that connect with alveolar ducts. The alveolar ducts give rise to form alveoli.

Alveoli

The functional unit of the lung. Consists of small hollow areas for gas exchange. Both Alveoli and alveolar ducts are lined with simple squamous epithelium that allow for gas exchange.

300

The lungs contain about ___ million alveoli.

Type I Pneumocytes

The cells of the simple squamous epithelium

Type II Pneumocytes

Cells in the alveoli that secrete a substance known as surfactant that helps to decrease tension in the alveoli.

Lungs

Two cone-shaped structures residing in the thoracic cavity. The inferior portion of each lung reaches the diaphragm. The superior portion extends about one inch above each clavicle.

superior middle inferior larger superior inferior

The right lung contains ______, ______, and ______ lobes, and is ______ than the left lung, which contains only a ______ and ______ lobe.

fissures

the lobes of the lungs are separated by ________

horizontal oblique oblique

The right lung includes a ______ and ______ fissure, while the left lung only contains an ______ fissure.

Hilum

An area at the medial surface of each lung that allows vessels to enter and exit

Cardiac Notch

 Located at the left lung; an indentation for the heart.

Visceral Pleural Membrane

Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs and closely adheres to the lung surface.

Parietal Pleural Membrane

Serous membrane that lines the interior of the thoracic wall of the lungs.

Pleural Fluid

Fluid secreted by the visceral and parietal pleural membranes to reduce friction and hold the membranes together.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

An airflow-limiting condition that affects the lungs. Includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Emphysema

A condition that affects the alveoli (the tiny air-filled pockets in the lungs responsible for gas exchange and breathing). Alveolar walls are broken down, causing alveolar spaces to become permanently and abnormally enlarged. Fewer alveolar walls lead to less surface area for gas exchange to occur, limiting airflow.

Chronic Bronchitis

A condition that affects the bronchi and bronchioles (small tubes that allow for the passage of air in and out of the lungs). The airways become narrowed and blocked by mucus, limiting airflow.

Cystic Fibrosis

A genetically inherited disease that affects secretory cells throughout the body.  Causes thicker mucous and higher salt content in sweat. Thick mucous can block respiratory passages, leading to wheezing and coughing, as well as chronic respiratory infections. Mucus can also block the pancreatic ducts, blocking the release of pancreatic enzymes needed to digest nutrients.

Lung Cancer

A disease that originates in the cells of the central or peripheral lung tissue. The most common is Non-small Cell Lung Cancer which comprises 85% of all lung cancers. The leading cause is smoking, which leads to mutations in healthy cells, promoting abnormal cell growth and eventually lung cancer tumors.