FP

Battle of Pinkie Cleugh

In 1547, a battle near Edinburgh where England gained control of the border but failed to occupy the rest of Scotland, leading to growing French influence.

French army landing in Scotland

In June 1548, a French army of 6,000 landed in Scotland to educate Mary Queen of Scots in France and engage her to the Dauphin, while Somerset took no decisive action.

Prayer Book Rising

A rebellion in June 1549 against religious and economic issues, not aimed against the king, where rebels marched on Exeter demanding restoration of Henry VIII's church settlement.

Kett's Rebellion

A social and economic rebellion in July-August 1549 where rebels took Norwich, demanded reforms, and led to Somerset's downfall due to his intolerance of peasant rebellions.

Treaty of Boulogne

In March 1550, an agreement where England withdrew from Boulogne in return for £130,000, leaving garrisons in Scotland, and abandoning the marriage of Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots.

Treaty with Philip of Spain

A January 1554 treaty where Philip became king of England, but with limited powers, causing fear among Englishmen of becoming a province of the Spanish Empire and leading to Wyatt's rebellion.

Wyatt's Rebellion

A rebellion in January 1554 against Mary's marriage to Philip, with 3,000 rebels nearly taking London, confirming the threat posed by Lady Jane Grey, and resulting in executions and Elizabeth's imprisonment.

Fall of Calais

The loss of Calais to France in January 1558 due to neglected defenses and lack of reinforcements, seen as a national disaster but leading to improvements in the English Navy and Militia.