FP
Date | Name | Nature/opposition | description | Significance |
1547 | Battle of Pinkie Cleugh | Scotland | 9 miles Edinburgh England gained control of border and Scots routed | but failed to occupy rest of Scotland, somerset indecisive and afraid to delegate, unable to stop French influence growing. |
June 1548 | French army of 6,000 land in Scotland | MQS to be educated in France/engaged to dauphin. | Somerset took no decisive action, 10,000 troops held border. 1549 Scots and French besieged Haddington castle | Somerset should’ve admitted defeat and withdrawn BUT, bound by HVIII will, psychologically and financially committed (£1/2m) national prestige, many elite wanted war |
June 1549 | Prayer book rising | Religious and economic, not aimed against king | 6,000 rebels LED BY CLERGY marched on Exeter and demanded restoration of HVIII's church settlement, 2500-3000 killed, failed to reach Exeter, no aims to march London, lacked cross-class support. Angst against sheep tax | Local gentry failed to deal with rising, somerset had to bring troops back from Scotland 3000 killed |
July-August 1549 | Kett's Rebellion | Social and economic, not aimed at central govt. | Rebels took Norwich, coincided with invasion from France, numbers large at 16,000, Kett's leadership poor, no attempt to march on London. 27 articles, demanding prohibition of rent-racking and enclosure | 3000 killed, led to Somerset's downfall beat off orginally small army sent, DofN intolerant of peasant rebellions and Kett/others executed |
March 1550 | Treaty of Boulogne | France | English withdraw from Boulogne in return for £130,000 (half agreed 1546) English to leave garrisons in Scotland and not renew war with Scotland and English trading ships to stay out (French dominance) marriage of ed and MQS abandoned | Loades - 'Brave realism' Pollard - 'cowardly appeasement' , 'ignominious' Position of weakness and isolation |
January 1554 | Treaty in which Philip became king of England | Spain | Resultant son would succeed English +NL + Franche-Comte, Ph had no actual regal powers - Mary cannot appoint foreigners into PC, Mary wouldnt leave England, except at her own will, if Mary died before PH he would cease to be King of England, no compulsion on England to join Habsburgs struggle vs. France | Unhappy marriage, Englishmen feared becoming province Sp. empire, Wyatt's rebellion |
January 1554 | Wyatt's rebellion | Mary's marriage to Philip | 3000 raised in Kent, nearly took London and was to be supported by French blocking Channel, | Confirmed threat posed by LJG who was executed along with Guildford Dudley and DofSuffolk, Elizabeth put in tower. No further rebellion. |
13th January 1558 | Fall of Calais | France | Why: defences had been neglected and garrison undermined, govt already borrowed for 1556 expedition and couldnt afford reinforcements, could’ve been recovered but for cost and fear of Scots attack. | When she died 'you will find Calais lying in my heart' - Wernham 'seldom if ever has England gone to war so unwilling and so unprepared.', wrongly perceived as a national disaster -> moral blow which contributed to Mary's unpopularity but blessing in disguise. Improvements to Navy and Militia. |