US 1 Study Set - Quiz 3

Election of 1800

• John Adams (incumbent) fed.

• Jefferson wins, switches to dem. rep.

• first peaceful transfer of power between parties

• Decided in House of Reps. after a tie between Burr and Jeff

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• French occupied the Louisiana territory since 1763, then the Spanish occupied it, and then France, led by Napolean took it back

• Jefferson sends emissary to Napolean to ask for it for $10 mil. He asks for 5 more, and the US gained hundreds of thousands of square miles in land.

• Jefferson only really wanted the Port of New Orleans

• The territory stopped at the headwaters of the Missouri river

Peace of Paris (1763)

• France lost all land (the Louisiana territory became occupied by the Spanish until Napolean conquered it

New Orleans

• New Orleans was a key port in the South

• Jefferson, as a dem. rep. wanted to give southern/western states more power

Napolean

• Emperor of the French

• He was unable to control the Louisiana territory after dealing with other costly issues

• Took over the Louisiana territory

• Sold the Louisiana territory to the US

Lewis and Clark Corp of Discovery Expedition

• Two men crossed the western portion of the US after the Louisiana Purchase in order to explore it

• This was for two reasons: diplomatic with the Native tribes and economic for the land opportunities

Impressment

The practice used by British forces to forcibly recruit sailors into service, often involving intimidation and coercion, and during the years leading up the war of 1812, they were disproportionately American

Under Jefferson, how strong was the army/navy?

weak, lied within states, no navy

The Chesapeake

As Jefferson rebuilt the navy, this was the flagship

Chesapeake Affair

An international incident in which the British impressed the flagship of the American navy, which led to the desire for war within the states

Embargo Act

• A trade policy in response to the Chesapeake Affair

• “America is closed for business” (economic coercion)

• Caused economic suffering in America

• Had to not trade with everyone, not just Britain or it would be seen as a declaration of war

James Madison

• Predecessor of Thomas Jefferson

• Also dem. rep.

• Continued to implement policies that were similar to Jefferson

The War of 1812 (1812-1815)

• A conflict between the United States and Great Britain

• Disputes of trade agreements

• Mr. Madison’s War

Tippecanoe

• The first battle between Americans and Native Americans after the revolution

• Led by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

• British supported the Native Americans

Tecumseh

The Native American military leader during the battle of Tippecanoe

Tenskwatawa

The Native American spiritual leader during the battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison

• Governor of the Indiana territory

• Defeated Tecumseh in the battle of Tippecanoe, helping start the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent (1815)

• Ended the War of 1812

• Everyone went back to the ‘status quo’ = no land lost, no land gained by anyone

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

• Fought after Treaty of Ghent was signed (despite the peace agreement since word didn’t reach them in time)

• Led by Major Andrew Jackson (making him a war hero)

• Considered the final major battle of the War of 1812

Andrew Jackson

• 7th POTUS

• War hero during Revolutionary War and

• Founder of Democratic Party

• Enacted the Indian Removal Act

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

• A series of meetings held in Hartford Connecticut

• Called due to grievances about the increasing power of the federal government

• Upped the number of voted it takes to declare war and upped number of votes for application for new states

• If Congress didn’t agree, the federalists threatened secession

• Death of the federalist party

James Monroe

• 5th POTUS

• Member of the Democratic-republic party

• Known for being president during ‘Era of Good Feelings’

Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)

• Characterized by national unity and optimist

• Single party system - Democratic-republicans

National Republicans

• Democratic-republicans who favored federalist views era of good emerging during the end of the era of feelings demonstrating the one party (no party) to two party shift

• Opposed Jeffersonian ideals

Henry Clay

• Held federalist ideals, helping form the Nationalist Republicans and eventually Whig parties

• Formed the American System, a series of economic reforms

Henry Clay’s American System

A series of economic reforms enacted to unify and strengthen the nation by:

1. Increasing protective tariffs to support industry

2. Create a national bank to foster commerce

3. Create infrastructure for transportation (turnpikes and canals)

Missouri Crisis (1820)

• Intense debate over whether Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. More generally, understanding the precedent for whether new states would be free or slave states

• Led to the Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• After disputes over whether Missouri would become a free or slave state when admitted

• Admitted Missouri as a slave state and added Maine as a free state

• Prohibited slavery in the remaining Louisiana territory North of the 36 30 parallel (just above Arkansas)

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

• Proposed to amend the admission of Missouri, saying Missouri can come in as a slave state, but slaves can no longer be born into slavery, and slaves couldn’t be brought over

• Did not pass in the Senate, Missouri Compromise was enacted without it

US Election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams (main candidates) and Henry Clay

• ‘No’ parties (era of good feelings)

• Candidates came from frontier states, not just New England

• No initial winner (Despite Jackson receiving the most electoral and popular votes, he did not win the Electoral College)

• Adams won through the Corrupt Bargain he made with Clay

Corrupt Bargain

Basically, John Quincy Adams said to Clay, ‘if you help me win, I’ll let you be Secretary of State', and Adams won Clay’s supporters

Election of 1828

• Andrew Jackson beat John Quincy Adams (incumbent) by a lot

• Jackson was democratic republican

South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

• Southerners were paying more money for inferior goods, favored the national republicans

• South Carolina hated tariffs, so they ‘nullified’ them

• They thought Jefferson would respond in favor of the state, but he was a patriot

Force Bill (1833)

• Jackson says that nullification is unconstitutional

• Jackson used military force to enact it

• Asserted federal authority over states

Clay Compromise (1833)

• Proposed to resolve the nullification crisis by gradually reducing tariffs over the next decade

• Helped ease tension between South Carolina and the federal government, avoiding political conflict

The 5 ‘Civilized Tribes’

• Cherokee, Chickasaw, Muscogee, Choctaw, and Seminoles

• Native American tribes that adopted American settlers’ cultural structure and norms, assimilated into their culture

Indian Removal Act (1830)

• Mainly affected 5 civilized tribes

• ‘Exchanged’ land east of the Mississippi for land west of it

• Forcibly removed them

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

• Native Americans in Georgia contested the forced removal

• Court ruled in favor of Native Americans

• Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling (set a precedent that the president could)

Trail of Tears (1830-1850)

Forced displacement and ethnic cleansing of about 600,000 Native Americans including their slaves after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830

Presidential Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (whig) beat Martin Van Buren (democrat incumbent) by portraying himself as a man of the people. William Henry Harrison quickly died in office and his Vice President, John Tyler, took his place

1rst Party System (1796-1816)

Federalists (federalist) and Democratic-republicans (Jeffersonian)

2nd Party System (1840)

Whigs (federalist) and Democrats (Jeffersonian)

John Tyler

• 10th POTUS after William Henry Harrison died in office

• Switched party lines for election (Democrat → Whig)

• Overturned all whig legislation

• Whigs kicked him out

• Democrats kicked him out

• Ran with no party affiliation

• Had nothing to lose, so he put everything he had in acquiring Texas

Manifest Destiny

“we’re not just going to physically take over as much land as we can to the west, we’re going to push all our values to make it better, oh and it’s ordained by God also”

James Polk

• 11th POTUS

• Worked hand in hand with Andrew Jackson (Democrat)

• Advocated expansionism

• In his campaign, he promised to acquire Texas, California, and Oregon

Oregon Territory

• We had somewhat of a claim to the land because of a treaty

• We were ready to go to War

• Ended up getting lower part of Oregon, while Canada got the Northern part in Treaty of 1846

Treaty of 1846

• We wanted to acquire the entire Oregon territory from Britain

• Instead, a compromise was made to get the territory below the 49th parallel while Britain got above it

California Territory

• We had no claim to the land of California

• Wanted it for ports near the Pacific Ocean

• Mexico owned it, and we had terrible relations with them

Election of 1844

• Polk won the election against Henry Clay narrowly

• Won on the promise of expansion

President Polk’s Western Policy (1846-1848)

focused on territorial expansion, including the annexation of Texas and the acquisition of California and other territories from Mexico through the Mexican-American War. He also settled the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain, securing the Pacific Northwest for the U.S.

Mexican American War (1846-1848)

Resulted in the U.S. gaining over 500,000 square miles of territory, including present-day California, Texas, and New Mexico, through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This war was driven by U.S. expansionist desires, particularly the belief in Manifest Destiny.

Army of Observation

• Army only there to survey

• During Mexican American War, led by Zachary Taylor

• Led to more conflict and larger Mexican American war as the US attempted to acquire it

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

• Officially ended the Mexican American War

• US got 25% of entire Mexican Nation

• Main goal was California

• In return, the US paid Mexico $15 mil

Wilmot’s Proviso (1846)

• Said no slavery in territories acquired from Mexico

• Intensified tensions between the North and South, contributing to the Civil War

Civil War

in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy, which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union to preserve slavery in the United States, which they saw as threatened because of the election of Abraham Lincoln and the growing abolitionist movement in the North