AP Bio Unit 2

Cytosol

The clear fluid within a cell that allows things to float around.

eukaryotic cell

A more complex type of cell that makes up protists, fungi, animals, and plants.

prokaryotic cell

A more simple type of cell that makes up bacteria and archaea. It is smaller and has no nucleus (instead, a nucleoid). They do not contain any membrane-bound organelles.

Nucleoid

A prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, but instead possesses this clump of DNA.

Cytoplasm

The clear fluid within a cell that allows things to float around plus anything floating inside it.

plasma membrane

Also known as a phospholipid bilayer, this semipermeable membrane surrounds the cell. It’s made up of phospholipids, proteins, and more.

Nucleus

The “brain” of the cell, the nucleus stores and manages DNA. Its center, known as the nucleolus, produces ribosomes.

Chromosomes

Specific groups of DNA that store genetic information for an organism.

Chromatin

Strung out DNA.

Nucleolus

The dark center of the nucleus that produces ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Organelles that produce proteins and scan mRNA. They can be free floating or attached to ER.

endoplasmic reticulum

A foldy organelle that surrounds the nucleus and is in charge of protein transportation. “Highway” of the cell.

smooth ER

When ribosomes are not attached to this organelle. It’s in charge of detoxification, lipid production, cell metabolism, and calcium storage.

rough ER

When ribosomes are attached to this organelle. It’s in charge of protein transportation.

Glycoproteins

Proteins that are a part of the cell membrane and have carbohydrate chains attached to them. These chains act as markers and are different for every individual organism on the planet.

golgi apparatus

An organelle in charge of packaging, sorting, and modifying products of the ER. Its modifications tell transporter organelles where to take this product.

Lysosome

An organelle in charge of digestion, filled with digestive enzymes. It breaks down and recycles parts.

Phagocytosis

A process where the cell membrane reaches out and grabs a large clump of food, pinching together and forming an internal food vacuole.

Mitochondria

An organelle that converts glucose to ATP.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found mostly in plants that convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose in a process known as photosynthesis.

Thylakoid

One “disc” found inside a chloroplast.

Granum

A stack of discs found inside a chloroplast.

Cristae

The foldy inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Mitochondrial Matrix

The fluid-filled space inside the mitochondria, within the cristae.

cell wall

This organelle is all cells but animal cells and surrounds the cell membrane. It is tough and is in charge of protection and structure.

selective permeability

A quality some membranes possess that let certain things through but not other things.

Amphipathic

A quality that means that a molecule or compound is partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic.

Amp

two

fluid mosaic model

This term is used to describe the plasma membrane and how it is fluid (always moving around) and diverse (not just phospholipids).

integral proteins

Amphipathic proteins that reside inside the plasma membrane.

peripheral proteins

Proteins that stick to one side of the plasma membrane, but don’t go through.

Aquaporins

Specialized integral proteins with chambers in the middle that allow water (a polar molecule) through the cell membrane.

Diffusion

A process where molecules move down their concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane, moving from high to low concentrations. This can be thought of as claustrophobia or wanting an even distribution.

concentration gradient

The difference in concentration between two substances.

passive transport

Transport across a membrane that does not require any energy. Passive transport is where cells move down their concentration gradient from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Osmosis

A specific type of diffusion in which water moves down its concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane. This is usually influenced by the concentration of a solute, because a higher concentration of a solute means a lower concentration of water in that substance, so water gravitates towards that substance.

Isotonic

Where two substances are equal to one another, and there is no net movement of particles. (=)

Hypertonic

A substance that is more concentrated than another substance. (O>o)

Hypotonic

A substance that is less concentrated than another substance. (o<O)

Turgid

Firm and bloated, ideal for plant cells.

Flaccid

Limp and flimsy.

Plasmolysis

Where a plant cell shrivels and dies as a result of being exposed to a hypertonic environment.

facilitated diffusion

Passive transport where a particle is able to cross a semi permeable membrane with the help of a facilitator (often a protein).

active transport

A type of diffusion in which particles move up their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration. Because this is against their nature, cells will only do this when supplied with ATP.

sodium-potassium pump

A process of active transport where sodium is pushed outside of the cell and potassium is brought into the cell with the use of a protein and ATP.

Cotransport

A process where active transport indirectly facilitates the passive transport of that molecule and another solute as well (the truly wanted solute).

Exocytosis

A process where internal vesicles filled with unwanted substances merge with the cell membrane, releasing these substances outside the cell.

Pinocytosis

A process where the cell membrane dips inward, pinches together, and forms an internal transport vesicle that now holds food from outside.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A form of endocytosis where receptors are on the outside of a cell membrane. When the desired molecule (known as a ligand) bonds with a receptor, it triggers the endocytosis to begin. This way, the cell can know that it is definitely getting what it desires when it does undergo endocytosis.

Ligands

Desired molecules that bond with receptors on the outside of plasma membranes.

Vacuole

A cell organelle in charge of storage of food, water, and other things. Huge in plants.

Cholesterol

A buffer within the cell membrane. It helps regulate density when the cell membrane faces various temperatures.

Intercellular Joining

ICASTE

Cell to cell recognition

ICASTE

Attachment (to ECM and cytoskeleton)

ICASTE

Signal transduction pathway

ICASTE

Transport

ICASTE

Enzymatic Activity

ICASTE

Cytoskeleton

An internal structure that helps hold the cell membrane in place.

Extracellular Matrix

An external structure that helps hold the cell membrane in place and everything attached to it.

isotonic

Animal cells prefer a ____ environment

hypotonic

Plant cells prefer a _____ environment

smaller

An ideal surface area to volume ratio (SA/V) is (smaller/larger)?

Water potential

a prediction of the net movement of water

No

Do animal cells have pressure potential?

Yes

Do plant cells have pressure potential?