RIPH111: READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY MIDTERM 1st Semester I AY 2023-2024

TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN TREATY OF PARIS

↳ Signed in Paris, December 10, 1898
↳ It has 17 articles.
↳ President: William McKinley

Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba.

Article I

Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones.

Article II

Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying. The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty

Article III

The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine Islands.

Article IV

The United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the American forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to them.

Article V

Spain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all persons detained or imprisoned for political offenses, in connection with the insurrections in Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the United States

Article VI

The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its citizens against Spain relinquished in this article.

Article VII

Spain relinquishes in Cuba, and cedes in Porto Rico, in the island of Guam, and in the Philippine Archipelago, all the buildings, wharves, barracks, forts, structures, public highways conformity with law, belong to the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain.

Article VIII

The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be determined by the Congress.

Article IX

The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion

Article X

The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain by this treaty cedes or relinquishes her sovereignty shall be subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same

Article XI

Final judgments in both civil and criminal cases made before a certain date will be enforced without further appeal. Civil disputes between private individuals unresolved by that date will be handled by the court until a final judgment is reached.

Article XII

The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by Spaniards in the Island of Cuba, and in Porto Rico, the Philippines shall continue to be respected.

Article XIII:

Spain shall have the power to establish consular officers in the ports places of the territories, the sovereignty over which has been either relinquished or ceded by the present treaty.

XIV

The Government of each country will, for the term of ten years, accord to the merchant vessels of the other country the same treatment in respect of all port charges

XV

It is understood that any obligations assumed in this treaty by the United States with respect to Cuba are limited to the time of its occupancy thereof.

XVI

The present treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible

XVII

EXCERPT FROM ALFRED MCCOY AND ALFREDO ROCES' POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE AMERICAN ERA

Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the American era.

While the 377 cartoons compiled in the book Philippine cartoons speak for themselves, historian Alfred McCoy's extensive research in Philippine and American archives provides a ______

comprehensive background not only to the cartoons but to the turbulent period as well.

who designed the book, contributes an essay on Philippine graphic satire of the period.

Alfredo Roces

J.R.W. Smail Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who specializes in Southeast Asia.

ALFRED MCCOY

He has written about and testified before Congress on, Philippine political history, opium trafficking in the Golden Triangle, underworld crime syndicates, and international political surveillance.

ALFRED MCCOY

Is the Police Force Bribed?

The Independent, June 09, 1917, p. 32.

New Bird of Prey

The Independent, 17 January 1920, p. 34.

While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building

The Independent 1 May 1920, p. 35.

Where The Mosquito Is King,

Donde El Mosquito Es Rey Free Press, 16 April 1921, p. 36.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" "Libertad, Igualdad, Fraternidad"

Philippines Free Press, Feb. 12, 1921, p. 41.

Returning Student - El Estudiante Vuelve

Philippine Free Press, April 6, 1929, p. 99.

Brothers Under The Skin - Hermanos En El Fondo

Philippines Free Press, June 18, 1938 p. 106

The Loyalty of the Filipinos

The Independent, 14 April 1917, p. 181.

The Latest—Lo Ultimo

Philippines Free Press, October 14, 1933 p. 217.

a United States Army major general, physician, and public official.

LEONARD WOOD

He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba, and Governor General of the Philippines.

LEONARD WOOD

He was awarded a Medal of Honor for his service with the expedition against the Apache Indians who were resisting the capture of their leader, Geronimo (1886).

LEONARD WOOD

↳ A Historiography documentary film focusing on Zamboanga City depicting how the Spaniards defended the city with the Fort Pilar.
↳ Europeans such as the English, Dutch and Spanish who wanted to control the economy as well to colonize and Christianize.
↳ The documentary centers on the activities of the slave raiders as a way of retaliation to the colonizers and a way to defend their way of life against oppression.
↳ The Sulu and Maguindanao sultanates were then the two main kingdoms c

A LEGACY OF HEROES, STORY OF BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR (DOCUMENTARY FILM)

He was a prominent propagandist who pushed for political reforms along with Jose Rizal.

Juan Luna y Novicio (1857 - 1899)

His victory taking the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts for his "Spoliarium", along with the 2nd prize silver of fellow Filipino painter Felix Hidalgo, created a celebration that would be a highlight in the memoirs of members of the Propaganda Movement.

Juan Luna y Novicio (1857 - 1899)

A great Filipino painter, and occasionally a sculptor.

Juan Luna y Novicio (1857 - 1899)

First National Artist in Painting (1972) of the Philippines, and is also referred to as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art"

Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (1892-1972)

Amorsolo graduated from both Liceo de Manila Art School in 1909 and the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts. He also graduated from U.P. with honors in 1914, and received a study grant in Madrid, Spain

Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (1892-1972)

While in New York, his art was influenced with an encounter with postwar impressionism and cubism, creating a uniquely.

Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (1892-1972)

↳ The issue on this event in history is the question of, "Where did the first mass really took place in the Philippines, is it in the traditional Limasawa, or is it in the claimed Masao in Butuan?"

↳ The legislative fiat declared Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte, where the first Mass in the Philippines and was declared to commemorate the birth of Christianity in the Philippines.

THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Two primary sources that historians referred to in identifying the site of the first mass

Francisco Albo and Antonio Pigafetta

↳ Cavite Mutiny of 1872
↳ involvement of the Filipino priests Frs. Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora. They tagged as the mastermind of the Cavite mutiny.
↳ They charged with treason and sedition by Spanish authorities. They were sentenced to public execution by garrote in the same year.
↳ February 17, 1872 - execution of 3 priests.

THE CAVITE MUTINY AND THE REBELLION CASE AGAINST GOMBURZA

↳ Old man in his mid-70s

↳ Held the most senior position of the three as Archbishop's Vicar in Cavite.

↳ Calmly accepted the death penalty

MARIANO GOMEZ

↳ He was 35 years old at that time.

↳ Parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre.

JOSE BURGOS

↳ 37 years old

↳ He was the parish priest of Marikan and known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or authoritative from Spaniards.

JACINTO ZAMORA

↳ wrote the Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872.

↳ the incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of Governor Izquierdo,

↳ reported that the friars will soon be out from the civil government and the university.

DR. TRINIAD HERMENEGILDO PARDO DE TAVERA

↳ Highlighted the attempt to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new "hari" in the persons of Father Burgos and Zamora.

↳ Implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement toward secularization of parishes.

↳ prohibited the founding of the school of arts and trades for Filipinos as a smokescreen to creating a political club.

↳ suspended the opening of the school to repress the growth of liberal teachings

GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO

↳ Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was written him. Entitled (Historia General de Filipinas)

↳ His account centered on how the event was an attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government in the Philippines.

↳ His account on mutiny was criticized as woefully biased.

JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL

↳ complemented Trinidad Pardo de Tavera primary source account and analyzed the motivations if the 1872 Cavite Mutiny.

↳ French writer

EDMUND PLAUCHUT

The Cavite mutiny is a major factor in the ____

awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of that time.

Rizal Dedicated his second novel, _______

El Filibusterismo to their memory.

The district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the virgin Loreto, came with were some fireworks displays. The cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence with the attack.

January 20, 1872