Intro Classical Arch Quiz 2

Doric Order

Where: Mainland Greece, developed/accepted in S italy.

When: Late 7th/ Early 6th century BCE

Attributes: Columns without bases, fluted shafts. No base. Alternating triglyphs and metopes. Themes on metopes indicative of civic identity and authority. Temple of Apollo at Syracuse, Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia is an example.

Ionic Order

Where: Ionia/Cyclades (The Greek Islands)

When: Mid 6th century BCE

Attributes: Continuous decorative frieze. Columns with bases and volute capitals. More ornamental. Slimmer, light columns. no triglyphs separating narration. Architrave similar to other order, Frieze different. Temple of Hera at Samos, Temple of Artemis at Ephesos as examples.

Naos/Cella

Interior hall used for the cult statue

Pronaos

Front porch

Opisthodomos

Rear Porch

Adyton

Back room behind naos. Only open to priests or religious people in charge, holy.

Peristyle

Single peristyle/colonnade around. One series of columns surrounding a building or enclosing a court. Row of columns themselves.

Peripteral

Surrounded by a single row of free-standing columns (a peristyle) on all four sides, creating a continuous, covered walkway around the central chamber (cella or naos). Design/Style.

Dipteral

2 colonnades, describing a building that has two peristyles around the exterior.

Amphiprostyle

Columns in the front and back but not on the sides. An example is Temple of Athena Nike

Prostyle

Characterized by a row of columns only across the front portico, with the sides and rear walls left unadorned.

Distyle in Antis

Only two columns on the front porch (pronaos), which are positioned between the extended, solid side walls (called antae)

Volute

Curly part at top of column

Stylobate

The top, uppermost step or level of a stepped platform that directly supports a row of columns

Triglyph

Spacers to metopes.

Metope

Panel Relief. Often decorated with painted scenes, myths.

Pediment

Triangular Space. Shows Mythical representation, city, or religious identity. Conveys messages to foreigners. Gigantomachy, titanomachy, centauromachy as recurring

Temple of Hera

When: Early Archaic Period

Where: Peloponnese

Why: Doric peripteral style. Transition from wood to stone architecture. Goddess Hera and Zeus (later) worshipped. One of the earliest monumental temples in Greece.

Olpe Chigi

When: Early Archaic

Where: Villa Giulia, Rome

Why: An Olpe is a wine pouring jug. On top- hoplite warriors carrying shields. Middle- Procession, Judgement of Paris, lion hunt, double-bodied sphinx. Bottom- Humans, hounds, hares. Orientalized.

Temple C Selinus

When: Middle Archaic
Where: Southwest Sicily

Why: One of the earliest doric temples, very large. Largest on Sicilian acropolis. Not sure who it was dedicated to. Stone sculpted metopes, depict mythical scenes.

Anavysos Kourous

When: Late Archaic

Where: Anavysos (Attica)

Why: Grave Marker made of marble, archaic smile, bilateral symmetry, patternized anatomy, naturalistic proportions

Peplos Kore

When: Late Archaic

Where: Athenian Acropolis

Why: Votive offering, made of marble, archaic smile, lots of paint on it, wearing a peplos, which is a type of outer robe worn over a dress.

Euphronios Crater

When: Late Archaic

Where: Athens

Why: Crater used to mix wine at symposiums. Signed by potter. Scenes from Troy, trojan war. Illegally excavated.

Siphnians Treasury

When: Late Archaic

Where: Delphi, Greece

Why: Early experiments using Caryatids as columns. Continuous frieze of Gigantomachy, Trojan War episodes, Judgement of Paris, Assembly of gods.

Kritios Boy

When: Late Archaic/Early Classical
Where: Acropolis of Athens, Persian destruction layer

Why: Made of marble, transitionary/severe style. Contrapposto pose, rolled hairstyle

Early Classical Period

When: 490-440 BCE

Why: After Persian Wars, more Athenian power in Aegean. Stylistic unity, more monumental civic and religious programs

Temple of Athena Aphaia

When: Early Classical Period

Where: Aegina (Island across Athens)

Why: Richly decorated pediments: Scenes of trojan war depicted symbolizing struggle between Greeks and Eastern World. Made of marble.

Classical Period Architecture/Urbanism

Doric architecture is the standard. Grid planned cities, more monumental temples, sculpture and architecture, urban planning as civic identity.

Tyrannicides/Tyrant Slayers

When: Classical Period
Where: Agora in Athens

Why: Depicts Harmodios and Aristogeiton, who killed tyrant Hipparchos. Roman copy of a Greek bronze original, archaic hairstyle with severe style face of early classical. Symbol of democracy. Forward motion replaces archaic stillness.

Athens Acropolis

When: Classical period

Where: Athens

Why: Peak of monumental program of Athens. Religious sanctuary dedicated to Athena.

The Parthenon

When: Classical period

Where: Acropolis of Athens

Why: Pentelic marble, 92 metopes, long ionic frieze, Doric, mythology, ideology, cosmology. Housed the chryselphantine statue of athena parthenos. Divine order of Athena’s authority over Athens. Panathenaic procession on frieze, as well as many cultural events. Peristyle.

Erechteion

When: Classical (built after Parthenon)

Where: Acropolis of Athens

Why: Caryatid Porch, breaks symmetrical rules of canonical temple architecture. Asymmetrical because sacred land was nearby and they didn’t want to build over it.

Temple of Athena Nike

When: Classical (Built around same time as Erechteion)

Where: Acropolis of Athens

Why: Ionic frieze and columns. Amphiprostyle. Emphasizes victory, renewed position of Athens after Peloponnesian/Persian wars. Friezes depict mythological battles.

Temple of Olympian Zeus

When: Classical Period

Where: Akragas, Sicily

Why: Famous for its giant telamons (figures holding up temple), signifying richer city.

Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia

When: Classical Period

Where: Peloponnese

Why: Dedicated to Zeus, as well as some smaller buildings dedicated to gods of pantheon/hera. Treasuries (line of small temples to contain offerings) here.

Argos & Polykleitos

When: Active 460-420 BCE

Why: Sculptors that emphasized symmetry on basis of beauty, sculpted male athletic bodies as civic and ethical ideals. Influenced later sculptors. Famous for spear-bearer (pic). Wrote theoretical treatise known as the canon, linking sculpture to math.

Contrapposto Pose

Right leg advanced, weight is on the left.

Right hip is lowered and shoulders tilt.

Head turns and body curves a little