Unit 4 Geo Study Guide (from edsby)

Population Growth

Canada's population has grown due to natural increase (births - deaths) and immigration.

Population Growth Distribution

Growth is uneven across regions, with more growth in cities.

Population Pyramids

Show age and sex structure.

Population Pyramid Key Skills

Identify shape (rapid growth, stable, declining) and analyze trends (aging population, youth-heavy).

Generations

Baby Boomers (1946-1964), Gen X, Millennials, Gen Z.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Stages: 1) High birth/death, 2) High birth, falling death, 3) Falling birth/death, 4) Low birth/death.

Population Distribution

Most Canadians live within 150 km of the US border, primarily in southern Ontario & Quebec.

Factors Influencing Population Distribution

Climate, jobs, and resources.

First Nations & Treaties

Treaties = agreements between Indigenous peoples & government.

Residential Schools

Caused cultural loss and trauma.

Immigration Sources

Historically from Europe, now more diverse (Asia, Africa, Middle East).

Reasons for Immigration

Jobs, safety, education.

Immigration Issues

Housing, employment, integration.

Ethnic Groups in Canada

Canada is multicultural with major groups varying by region.

Culture

Culture = beliefs, values, language, traditions.

Challenges of Multicultural Society

Inclusion and language barriers.

Transportation Modes

Road, rail, air, water, pipeline.

Communication Evolution

Evolved from mail to internet/social media.

Residential Land Use

Housing areas.

Commercial Land Use

Businesses (stores, malls).

Industrial Land Use

Factories.

Institutional Land Use

Schools, hospitals.

Open Space/Recreational Land Use

Parks, sports fields.

Housing Types

Low density → single-family homes; Medium density → townhouses; High density → apartment buildings.

Goods & Services

Low-order goods → everyday items (milk); High-order goods → expensive/specialized (designer clothes).

Residential Density

Housing units per hectare.

Anchor Store

Large store attracting customers (department store).

Population Density

People per km².

Settlement Systems

Long lot → along rivers (Quebec); Concession → grid system (Ontario); Section → square grid (Prairies).

Central Place Theory

Explains distribution of services.

High-level Service

University (expensive, specialized).

Low-level Service

Gas station, post office.

Diversified Urban Centre

Multiple economic functions.

Service Centres

Provide services to surrounding areas.

Urbanization

~80% of Canadians live in cities.

Land Use in Cities

Most to least: Residential, Transportation, Open space/recreation, Commercial, Industrial, Institutional.