Phonetics Exam 2

Citation form

When a word is pronounced carefully as a single item

Connected speech

Joining two or more words together in the creation of an utterance

-Production varies with dialect/speaking style

When do SLPs assess connected speech?

When transcribing full utterances of connected speech for phonological analysis of a child's speech patterns

What do single-word articulation tests assess?

Citation form of speech

Transcribing connected speech

Phonemes may be altered or eliminated once words are joined to form an utterance

• The "precision" of speech pronunciation

disappears in a connected speech context

What changes in connected speech?

• Stress

•Intonation

•Timing of phonemes

•Words

•Utterance

•Vowel quality

•Syllable boundaries less obvious

•Phoneme order

Why is coarticulation used

-Overlapping of articulators during speech production

-Time-efficient

-Ease when speaking

Coarticulation

-The overlapping of the articulators during speech

production

-Change in the phonetic identity of a sound that results

only in an allophonic variation of the phoneme

Assimilation

Phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds

-Change that results in the production of a completely

different phoneme

What is the difference between coarticulation and assimilation?

-Coarticulation results in only an allophonic change

-Assimilation results in the production of a completely different phoneme

Regressive assimilation

-The identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme

following it

-“Anticipatory”

-Phonemes become similar in place of articulation to phonemes occurring LATER in an utterance

What does anticipatory assimilation mean?

Your articulators are making changes to a sound earlier in the utterance in anticipation of an upcoming/future phoneme

Three common scenarios for progressive assimilation

• Past tense -ed morphological marker

• Plural -s morphological marker

• When a nasal phoneme follows a bilabial plosive

When is /t/ used instead of /d/

•If the verb ends with a voiceless phoneme, you "match voicing"

• E.g., "popped", "kicked", "missed", "washed", "watched",

"coughed"

When is /z/ used instead of /s/

•If the noun ends with a voiced phoneme, you "match voicing" and use /z/

• E.g., "webs", "blades", "rugs", "caves"

Progressive assimilation

-The identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme

PRECEDING it

-“Perseverative”

-Articulators persevere and maintain a

particular posture for a later phoneme

What does perseverative assimilation mean?

Articulators maintain an articulatory posture (or perseverate on an articulatory posture) while producing the next, neighboring phoneme

-"Win more"

-"Please share"

-"Sun kiss"

-"This year"

-"Light blue"

/wɪm mɔɹ/

/pliʒ ʃɛɹ/

/sʌŋ kɪs/

/ðɪʃ jɪɹ/

/laɪp blu/

-"Green beans"

-"In Paris"

-"On Monday"

-"Bless you"

-"Does your"

-"In five"

/gɹim binz/

/ɪm pɛɹɪs/

/ɔm mʌndeɪ/

/blɛʃ ju/

/dʌʒ jɔɹ/

/ɪm faɪv/

Nasal phoneme following a plosive?

The place of articulation of the plosive can be preserved

Plural morpheme "s" or past tense "ed" morpheme become?

Voiced/voiceless depending on the earlier phoneme

"Captain"

"Mashed"

"Packed"

"Bugs"

/kæpm̩/

/mæʃt/

/pækt/

/bʌgz/

"Voiced"

"Missed"

"Names"

"Open"

/vɔɪst/

/mɪst/

/neɪmz/

/oʊpm̩/

Non-assimilatory processes

-Epenthesis

-Elision

-Metathesis

-Vowel reduction

Elision

Omission of a phoneme from a word as a result of a

historical change, or from coarticulation associated with

connected speech

Syncope elision

-Specific type of elision where a sound (usually a vowel) is deleted in the middle of a word

Elision can occur?

Across word boundaries

Hapology

Whole syllables are elided

Epenthesis

Additional phonemes are inserted in words during their

production in connected speech

Reasons for epenthesis

• Coarticulation

• Variation in production

• Speech disorders

Transitional phonemes (not epenthesis)

- /j/ and /w/

-Actually transition between two separate vowel nucleuses

-"Ohio", "Leo", "Go in", "To each"

What occurs when a nasal phoneme precedes a voiceless fricative

-Homorganic voiceless stop may be added between

nasal phoneme and voiceless fricative despite no stop

-Due to coarticulation constraints

- "Tense", "Length", "Amsterdam"

Epenthesis from idiosyncratic/dialectal differences

-Different speaking style results in the addition of phonemes

• Southern dialects may insert /i/ prior to /u/, such as in the word

• Consonant clusters /sp/, /st/, /sk/ do not occur in the initial

position of words in some other languages, so the speaker may insert a vowel before the word

Epenthesis due to speech sound disorders

• Children might insert a schwa in the middle of a consonant

blend

-"sky" becomes /səkaɪ/

• Schwa insertion also occurs in the speech of some Deaf

speakers

Metathesis

-Transposition of sounds in a word

Reasons for metathesis

• "Slip of the tongue"

• Personal speaking style

• Dialectal variation

• Speech disorder

Vowel reduction

• Full form of a vowel becomes more like the mid-central schwa vowel /ə/

• Careful pronunciation of vowels becomes more casual

• Tongue doesn't hit the height/advancement in the vowel quadrilateral = more neutral position

• Efficiency mechanism

Vowel with full weight vs. Reduced Form of Vowel

• Transform vs. Transformation

• Concept vs. Conception

• Impose vs. Imposition

Suprasegmental aspects of speech

• Alterations in stress, timing of words, and intonation at the

connected speech level

• Modifications span entire syllables, words, phrases, and

sentences

•“beyond/above” the word level

What is the difference between a syllable that receives secondary stress and a syllable that is unstressed?

Louder, longer, and have a higher pitch than unstressed syllables

Many sentences and phrases are spoken with the primary stress on?

The last word of the sentence

Words in a sentence receive stress depending on?

• Level of importance of a word within a sentence

• Speaker's intended message

Content Words

-Contain important information in a sentence

-Typically receive stress

Function Words

-Pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions

-Rarely receive stress

New information and stress

-Receives the stress

-Occurs naturally due to language learning

Intonation

Modification of voice pitch

Why people use intonation

-Modify the fundamental frequency to stress particular words

-Gives clues about the type of sentence (e.g., statement,

question, exclamation)

-Indicate mood

Intonational phrase

-Consists of all changes in fundamental frequency spanning the length of a meaningful utterance

-Can be a sentence, phrase within a sentence, or word

Falling intonation

-Pitch of the voice declines over the length of a neutral

spoken utterance

-Complete statements & commands

-WH-questions

-Indicates finality

Rising intonation

• Typically questions & incomplete thoughts

• Communicates uncertainty on the part of the speaker

• Reciting a list of items

• Yes/No Questions

Tempo

-Describes the durational aspect of connected speech

-Determined by overall rate of speech, duration of

individual phonemes, & duration of pauses between syllables, words, phrases, & sentences

Average tempo of adult

5-5.5 syllables/second

Duration of diphthongs

Greater duration than vowels

Duration of vowels

Greater duration than consonants

Duration of glides and liquids

Longest duration of consonants

Duration of stops

Shortest duration of consonants

Duration of individual phoneme

•Changes during connected speech

• Vowels preceding voiceless consonants are shorter than vowels preceding voiced consonants

• Vowels in open syllables are longer than vowels in closed syllables

Pauses

• Speaker is taking a breath

• Speaker is hesitating

• Indicate presence of a new thought or to emphasize a point

Junctures

Indicates the way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech

How is sentence stress marked?

an (') precedes the word with primary stress; a (,) comes before a word that gets secondary stress

How does phonetic environment affect vowel duration?

If someone is exposed to a culture/language/dialect that is different from their own, it may influence the vowel duration depending on how that culture/language/dialect produces their vowels