Bio Final 1

Includes information from all three units

Plasma membrane

same as cell membrane & organelle membranes — it acts as a gateway because it is selectively permeable (only certain things can pass through).

Phospholipid Bilayer

Nonpolar phospholipids, transport proteins, carbohydrate chains, cholesterol.

Lipid tails

The nonpolar part of phospholipids. (They are htdrophobic)

Phosphate heads

The polar part of phospholipids. (They are hydrophilic)

Protein

Molecules that float/drift around in a 'sea of phospholipids'.

Compartmentalize

Form boundaries between different environments.

Facilitated diffusion

Some proteins act as bridges or channels to help materials move across the membrane.

Active Transport

Some proteins use energy (ATP) to pump ions in or out against the flow of diffusion.

Enzyme activity

Some membrane proteins act as enzymes to speed up reactions.

Cell signaling

Some membrane proteins receive signals from neighboring cells, important for immune system and receiving hormones and steroids.

Recognition

Some proteins help to recognize each other, important in identifying self vs. non-self.

Semi-permeable membrane

A membrane that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Passive Transport

No energy is used by the cell; materials diffuse across the membrane.

Diffusion

Overall movement of particles from higher to lower concentration.

Equilibrium

When concentrations have changed until they balance each other.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Hypotonic environment

The surrounding solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell.

Hypertonic environment

The environment has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell.

Isotonic

The cell has a concentration of solutes equal to its surrounding solution.

Plasmolysis

When a plant cell loses water in a hypertonic solution, causing it to shrink away from the cell wall.

Concentration Gradient

Difference between concentration on two sides of a membrane.

Vesicles

Packages that contain large molecules.

Endocytosis

Bringing contents into the cell via vesicles.

Exocytosis

Transporting materials out of the cell via vesicles.

Homeostasis

Process maintaining stable conditions for survival.

Keystone Species

Species crucial for ecosystem function and balance.

Trophic Cascades

Ecological interactions affecting multiple feeding levels.

Biotic Factors

Living organisms influencing ecosystem dynamics.

Abiotic Factors

Nonliving components affecting environmental conditions.

Ozone Layer

Protective layer shielding Earth from UV radiation.

CFCs

Chemicals that deplete the ozone layer.

Greenhouse Effect

Natural process trapping solar energy in atmosphere.

Global Warming

Increase in Earth's temperature due to human activity.

Ocean Acidification

Decrease in ocean pH affecting marine life.

Acid Rain

Precipitation with harmful acidic pollutants.

Biological Magnification

Increase in toxin concentration up the food chain.

DDT

Pesticide causing thin eggshells in birds.

Ecosystem Disruption

Changes in ecosystems due to human impact.

Fossil Fuels

Energy sources contributing to carbon emissions.

Geothermal Energy

Clean energy sourced from Earth's heat.

UV Radiation

Harmful rays causing skin cancer and ecosystem damage.

Carbon Cycle

Natural cycle regulating carbon levels in ecosystems.

Permafrost Thawing

Releasing dormant bacteria due to warming.

Sólheimajökull Glacier

Melting glacier in Iceland contributing to sea level rise.

Acidification Effects

Destroys organisms sensitive to lower pH.

Predator-Prey Dynamics

Interactions affecting species abundance and behavior.

Ecosystem Balance

Stability maintained by interactions among species.

Environmental Issues

Challenges faced due to human impact on ecosystems.

Ozone Thinning

Reduction of ozone layer due to pollutants.

Skin Cancer

Health issue linked to increased UV exposure.

Carbon Emissions

Release of carbon dioxide contributing to climate change.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis that is the movement of large particles or whole cells

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves the transport of solutes or fluids

bicarbonate, carbonic acid, calcium carbonate

When carbon dioxide rises, ________ and ________ increase, but CARBONATE and ______ decrease.

growth

What characteristic of life is this: “He got almost five inches taller in just one year!”

Reproduction

What characteristic of life is this: “The dog down the block just had puppies!”

development

What characteristic of life is this: “My little sister has learned to walk now that she’s a little older.”

metabolism

What characteristic of life is this: “You need to eat a good breakfast so you have enough energy for the final”

response to stimuli

What characteristic of life is this: “I saw a bunch of birds fly away when children ran towards them”

adaptation

What characteristic of life is this: “Giraffes didn’t always have super long necks.”

homeostasis

What characteristic of life is this: “You’re body usually maintains a temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit “

cells and organization

What characteristic of life is this: “Your muscles, skin, and digestive tract are made of these”

10x

What is the magnification of the eyepiece/ocular?

diaphragm

What part of the microscope changes the amount of light shining through the stage?

low power objective

Which power objective should you first start adjusting with?

macromolecules

Nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are all:

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

What are the monomers of lipids?

monosaccharides

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

amino acids

what are the monomers of proteins?

polypeptide

What is the polymer of protein?

nucleic acids

Which macromolecule stores and transmits genetic information?

lipids/fats

Which macromolecule provides insulation, long-term energy storage, and is important to parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings? (Remember these functions!!!)

carbohydrates

Which macromolecule is used as a main source of energy by living things and provides some structural purposes to plants? (Remember these functions!!!)

purines

Adenine and Guanine are: (purines/pyrimidines)

pyrimidines

Thymine and cytosine are: (purines/pyrimidines)

adenine

Uracil bonds with which other nitrogenous base in RNA?

the structure of DNA

James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin discovered:

quickly copies DNA fragments

What does PCR do? (Also remember all steps)

separates fragments of nucleic acids

What does gel electrophoresis do? (Also remember the steps for the process)

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ according to size and charge.

deoxyribose

Ribose is the pentose sugar in RNA and ________ is the pentose sugar in DNA.

product

Is water a reactant or product in dehydration synthesis?

reactant

Is water a reactant or product in hydrolysis?

bacteria

What organism makes restriction enzymes naturally?

natural selection

“Survival of the fittest” is also known as as

true-breeding

What is it called when all offspring in a generation display only one form of a particular trait?

Differentiation

cell specialization

alleles

What term describes the different forms a gene can take?

gene

What is the name of a segment of DNA that codes for proteins?

law of segregation

The two alleles FOR A TRAIT separate when gametes are formed. This is called…

law of independent assortment

The alleles of DIFFERENT GENES separate independently of one another during gamete formation. This is called…

test cross

When you cross a homozygous recessive individual with an individual with an unknown dominant genotype, this type of cross is called a:

complete dominance

The type of dominance with heterozygous and homozygous dominant have the same phenotype is… (Bb and BB = black fur)

codominance

The type of dominance when both traits are expressed at the same time in a heterozygous individual is… (Bb = black and white fur)

incomplete dominance

The type of dominance when a heterozygous individual has a mix of both traits that is intermediate between both parents is… (Bb = gray fur)

four

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

polar

Is water polar or nonpolar?

Biuret’s

Which test do you use to find if a substance contains protein?

Sudan III

Which test do you use to find if a substance contains lipids?

Benedict’s

Which test do you use to find if a substance contains MONOsaccharides?

Lugol’s Iodine

Which test do you use to find if a substance contains POLYsaccharides?