Reproduction and Development

Name and define the two types of reproduction

Asexual: no gametes needed (bacteria, sponges, sea stars)

Sexual: gametes needed (humans, elephants, frogs)

Parthenogenesis

individuals that normally reproduce sexually can do so asexually under extreme circumstances (female whiptail lizards)

Fertilization

when sperm and eggs meet

Name and define the two types of fertilization

Internal Fertilization: gametes meeting inside the body

External Fertilization: gametes meeting outside the body; most common in aquatic animals (Sea corral & Sea urchins)

Spermatophores

internal fertilization where males release capsule of sperm internal fertilization and females insert it in themselves using cloaca (Salamanders)

Bisexual Reproduction

2 sexes reproducing

Hermaphroditism

an individual with both male and female reproductive parts (Snails, Slugs, and Earthworms)

Gametogenesis

meiosis producing gametes

Describe how gametes are made

Meiosis, 1 diploid/haploid cell with two sets of chromosomes, diffussing to make 4 haploid gamete cells

LSH & FH

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) are produced in the pituitary gland and regulate ovulation

Proximate Cause

how something happens (snakes having a good sense of smell due to glands)

Ultimate Cause

why something happens (snakes good sense of smell to catch prey)

Cons of Sexual Reproduction

less babies, less individuals that can reproduce, and finding a mate uses a lot of energy

Pros of Sexual Reproduction

increases genetic diversity (ultimate cause)

Main causes of sexual reproduction evolving

Purifying Selection Hypothesis: when the best individuals reproduce to strengthen the overall population (male kangaroos fighting for mates)

Changing Environment Hypothesis: organisms evolve to adjust to their changing surrounding environment (rivers drying up and flooding later)

Important parts in males

Penis

Testes

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Urethra

Anus

Sperm Competition

sperm from two males competing to fertilize an egg

Example of sperm competition

Some female animals choosing which sperm fertilizes her

Penis spines

spines on penis’ to prevent another male from reproducing with their mate (Beetles)

Hemipenese

when a male animal has two penises (Snakes & lizards)

Echidna

male monotremes with a 4-headed penis (Platypuses)

Corkscrew Penis

penis shaped like a corkscrew for better reproduction (Ducks & Pigs)

Define forced population and who is it seen in?

forced mating (ducks)

Baculum

penis bone that allows for further insemination; in most mammals except humans (Gorilla’s & Bears)

Relationship between evolution and sexual reproduction

Testis size variate by an animals mating habits

Describe how primate reproduce

Chimpanzees mate with everyone (promiscuous), so they have large testis to outcompete

Gorilla’s have strict mating pairs, so they have smaller testes because of less competition

Two ways babies are born

Oviparous: lays eggs (Chickens & Turtles)

Viviparous: birth live young (Elephants, Monkeys, & Humans)

Important female parts

Vagina

Vulva

Cervix

Ovary

Cloaca

Fallopian Tube

Uterus

Vagina

first internal structure where sperm is released

Vulva

external anatomy of female genitalia

Cervix

muscle that protects uterus

Ovary

where eggs are made and held (born with eggs)

Cloaca

one hole for pee, poop, and sex (Fish, snakes, & frogs)

Penis

external structure for insemination

Testes

makes sperm

Epididymis

holds sperm

Vas deferens

where sperm travels

Urethra

where sperm exits

Anus

where poop exits

Menopause

when women run out of eggs

Falopian Tube

where eggs travel

Ovulation

when mature eggs are released and moving

Endometrium

inner lining of uterus wall

Menstruation

monthly shedding of uterine lining

LH & FSH

hormones that control ovulation

Birth control methods

Fertility awareness

Withdrawl (pulling out)

Condoms

Shots/BC pills/patches/rings

Sterilization/implant/IUD

Fertility Awareness

tracking ovulation & periods (not effective)

Withdrawl

pulling out (not effective)

Condoms

rubber protection to prevent transfer of STI’s/STD’s and pregnancy (effective when used correctly)

Shots/pills/rings/patches

hormonal birth control (effective)

Sterilization/implant/IUD

birth control methods (very effective)

How many sperms fertilize an egg?

1 sperm fertilizes an egg

Fertilization Envelope

protective barrier formed around egg after fertilization (sea urchins)

Prenatal Development

Cleavage (cell division), Gastrulation (differentiation into 3 layers), Organogenesis & Fetus Growth

Gastrulation (Germ Layers)

Ectoderm (outer layer)

Mesoderm (middle layer)

Endoderm (inner layer)

Organogenesis

fetus organ development (6-8 weeks in humans)

Gestation Period

time it takes a fetus to develop (40 weeks in humans)

Marsupials

mammals with short gestation periods

Placenta

gives nutrients to baby during pregnancy

Baby size in the womb

The bigger a baby gets in the womb the more room it takes up

Lactation

secretion & production of milk from memory glands (mammals)