history terms- FINALS

election of 1800

democratic republican Thomas Jefferson defeated federalist John Adams, marking the 1st peaceful transfer of power between opposing parties. a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr required the house of representatives to decide the winne

12 amendment

changed the US Constitution to require electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president

Thomas jefferson

founding father, the principal author of the declaration of independence, and the 3rd president and proponent of democracy

james madison

founding father, 4th president, and is hailed that father of the constitution for drafting the US Constitution and the bill of rights. key author of the federalist papers, served as the secretary of state and led the nation during war of 1812

aaron burr

founding father, revolutionary war officer, and 3rd vice president under Thomas jefferson

john adams

founding father, key leader in the American revolution, 1st vice president + 2nd president. helped negotiate the treaty of Paris servings as the 1st US minister in great britain

judicial review

power of the US supreme court and lower federal courts to examine actions by the legislative, executive and administrative branches to determine if they are constitutional. established by chief justice, John marshall in marbury v madison

judiciary act of 1800

reorganization of the federal courts by outgoing federalist Congress. created 16 new circuit judgeships, reduced supreme court seats from 6 to 5 and eliminated circuit riding duties for justices, allowing Adams to appoint midnight judges to lock in federalist power

midnight appointments

last minute judicial commissions signed by president John Adams in the final hours of his presidency in March 1801, creating new federalist aligned judgeships under the judicary act of 1801

marbury v madison

supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review, affirming the courts power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. john marshall ruled that while William marbury was entitled to his commission, the court lacked the authority to force its delivery because the law enabling that actions violated article 3 of the constitution

barbary pirates

state-sponsored Muslim privateers operating from north Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries

louisana purchase

landmark $15 million deal where the US acquired 828k sq miles of land from France, doubling the nations size, converting land from the Mississippi river to the rocky mtns, secured crucial trade access via the port of new orleans

lewis and Clark expedition

US military mission ordered by president Thomas Jefferson to explore the newly acquired Louisiana purchase. the team mapped the west, established relations with native Americans and sough a water route to the Pacific ocean.

broken voyages

tactic used the US merchants to circumvent British trade restrictions, known as the rule of 1756. prohibited neutral nations from trading directly with enemy nations during wartime if that trade was closed during peacetime

blockade

military or physical actions hat cuts off an area to prevent the movement of goods, supplies, or people in and out

embargo act of 1807

banned all international trade, intended to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality during the Napoleonic wars. failed to stop foreign interference, caused massive US economic depression, and resulted in severe political backlash before being repealed in 1809

non-intercourse act of 1809

US law replacing the failed embargo act, which prohibited American trade with Britain and France and their colonies but allowed commerce with other nations, aiming to pressure European powers to respect US neutrality during the Napoleonic wars. signed by thomas Jefferson, authorized seizing violating vessels but proved ineffective

james madison

4th president, led the nation to the war of 1812 due to British violations of American neutrality

macon’s bill no. 2

reopened trade with britain and France, promised to cut off trade with the enemy of whichever nation first respected US neutrality, and Napoleon pretended to comply, pushing the US toward conflict with britain

causes of war of 1812

british impressment of American sailors, interference with American trade, support for native resistance in the northwest territory, and desire among war hawks to expand into Canada and florida

tecumseh

shawnee leader who attempted to unite native tribes into a confederation to resist US expansion and allied with the British during the war of 1812

battle of tippecanoe

US forces under William henry Harrison defeated tecumseh’s confederation and increased tensions with britain, who America blamed for supporting native resistance

war hawks

young, nationalist congressmen (south + west), led by Henry clay and John Calhoun, strongly pushed for war with britian to defend national honor and expand native resistance

attack of washington

british forces invaded and burned major government buildings, including the white house and capital and symbolic low point of the US during the war

treaty of ghent

ended the war of 1812, returned all territory to prewar boundaries, and did not address impressment or trade issues, but hostiles ended anyway

battle of new orleans

major US victory led by andrew Jackson after the treaty was signed and boosted national pride and made Jackson a national hero

andrew Jackson (prior to his presidency)

military commander known for victories against native groups and the British and his success at New Orleans launched his political career

federalists (after war of 1812)

opposed the war and help the Hartford convention, seen as unpatriotic after he victory at New Orleans, and party collapsed soon after

economic depression (after war of 1812)

the panic of 1819; first major US economic crisis and caused by land speculation, falling crop prices, and tightening credit by the second bank of US

rush-bagot treat

agreement between the US and britian to demilitarize the great lakes and marked improved US British relations

adam-onis treaty (transcontinental treaty)

negotiated by John Quincy Adams, Spain cede Florida to the US and established a clear boundary between Spanish territory and the louisiana purchase

monroe doctrine

declared the western hemisphere closed to further european colonization, asserted US influence in the Americas and cornerstone of US foreign policy

era of good feelings

period of political unity under president Monroe and characterized by nationalism but also underlying sectional tensions

james monroe

5th president and oversaw the era of good feelings, Missouri compromise, and Monroe doctrinw

missouri compromise

missouri admitted as a slave state; maine as a free state, slavery banned north of the 30 36 degrees line in the Louisiana territory and temporary solution to sectional conflict

john Quincy adams

monroes secretary of state; later 6th president and architect of the Monroe doctrine and Adams onis treaty

election of 1824

4-way race with no electoral majority, decided by the house of representatives and John Quincy Adams won with Henry clays support

tariff of 1828

high protective tariff that angered the south and sparked the nullification crisis

expositition and protest

written secretly by Calhoun and argued that states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

john c calhoun

south carolina politicianl vice president under adams and jackson and leading advocate of states’ rights and nullification

james tallmadge

proposed the Tallmadge amendment to restrict slavery in Missouri and sparked the debate that led to the Missouri compromise

second bank of US

national bank chartered in 1816 and helped stabalize currency but become contreversial, under Andrew jackson

corrupt bargain

jacksonians accusation that Adams and clay struck a deal in the 1824 election and clay supported Adams in the house vote; Adams made clay secretary of state

sectionalism

growing decision between north, south, and west over issues like slavery, tariffs, and economic policy and intensified after the war of 1812