Lab 1: Overview & The Microscope Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical terminology, planes, cavities, organ systems, and compound light microscope components based on Lab 1 lecture notes.

Anatomical position

The standard reference position for a human: standing up, facing forward, with arms extended and palms facing out.

Anatomical right and left

Directions based on the perspective of the person in anatomical position, not necessarily the right or left side of the viewer.

Frontal plane

A vertical cut that separates the front from the back of the specimen; also known as a coronal plane.

Transverse plane

A horizontal cut that separates the top from the bottom of the specimen; also known as a cross-sectional plane.

Midsagittal plane

A vertical cut down the exact center line of the specimen that separates the left half from the right half.

Parasagittal plane

A vertical cut that is off-center, separating the left and right of the specimen into unequal portions.

Superior/Inferior

Equivalent to above and below when moving along the long axis of a body in anatomical position.

Proximal/Distal

Terms used along the limbs to indicate relative distance from the trunk; proximal is closer to the point of attachment, and distal is farther away.

Medial/Lateral

Terms referencing the midline of the trunk; medial is closer to the middle, while lateral is toward the edge or farther from the midline.

Anterior/Posterior

Terms equivalent to the front and back of a body in anatomical position.

Ventral/Dorsal

Equivalent to the belly-side and back-side of a body; in humans in anatomical position, these are equivalent to anterior and posterior.

Superficial/Deep

Directional terms indicating proximity to the body surface; superficial is closer to the surface, while deep is farther from it.

Cephalic/Caudal

Directional terms indicating proximity to the head (cephalic) or the tail (caudal).

Dorsal body cavity

The combination of the cranial cavity (occupied by the brain) and the spinal cavity (occupied by the spinal cord).

Cranial cavity

The space occupied by the brain, enclosed by the skull bones

Spinal cavity

The space occupied by the spinal cord enclosed by the vertebrae column making up the backbone. The spinal cavity is continuous awith the cranial cavity.

Ventral body cavity

The combination of the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.

Thoracic cavity

The space occupied by the ventral internal organs superior to the diaphragm.

Abdominopelvic cavity

The combined space of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.

Abdominal cavity

the space occupied by the ventral internal organs inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvic cavity

Pelvic cavity

The space occupied by the ventral internal organs that are bordered by the bones of the pelvic girdle

Diaphragm

The structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Organ system

A group of organs, such as the 11 human systems (e.g., integumentary, skeletal, muscular), that work together as a unit to carry out specific tasks.

Integumentary System

Encloses internal body structures and is the site of many sensory receptors. (Hair, Skin, Nails)

Skeletal System

Supports the body and enables movement. (Cartilage, Bones, Joints)

Muscular System

Enables movement and helps maintain body temperature. (Skeletal muscles, tendons)

Nervous System

Detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses. (Brain, Spinal cord, peripherlal nerves.

Compound light microscope

An instrument that uses visible light and two separate lenses to magnify and visualize small biological specimens.

Eyepiece

The part of the microscope where the eyes are placed; it contains the eyepiece lens, one of the two magnifying lenses.

Objective lenses

The lenses located on a rotating turret, each with a different magnifying power (a whole number greater than 1).

Stage controls

Two dials used to move the slide left/right and up/down, which only work if the slide is properly secured with stage clips.

Coarse focus

The larger focus knob used for initial focusing with the lowest-power objective only.

Fine focus

The smaller focus knob used for precision adjustments after the initial focus is established.

Diaphragm (Microscope)

A component located under the stage that opens and closes an iris to control the amount of light passing through the slide.

Magnification

The factor by which an image appears to be enlarged, typically indicated by a whole number and an "x" (e.g., 10x).

Resolution

The shortest distance between two points that can still be visually distinguished as separate; for a microscope, this can be as short as $0.2\,\mu\text{m}$.

Resolving power

The ability of a lens to show two adjacent objects as discrete; this is a property of the lens itself.

Numerical aperture (NA)

A value usually less than 1.0 printed on an objective lens that influences the resolution possible with that particular lens.

Total magnification formula

$$\text{Total Magnification} = \text{eyepiece magnifying factor} \times \text{objective magnifying factor}$$

Parfocals

A design feature of microscopes where a slide stays largely in focus when switching between different objective lenses.

Lens paper

The specific material required for cleaning microscope lenses; items like KimWipes should never be used on glass lenses.

Abdominal

Refers to the region of the body between the diaphragm and the pelvis, containing the digestive organs.

Antebrachial

Pertaining to the forearm, the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.

Auricle

The visible part of the ear that is outside the head.

Brachial

Related to the arm, specifically the upper arm.

Carpal

Pertaining to the wrist.

Cervical

Refers to the neck region.

Cranial

Relating to the skull or cranium.

Digital

Referring to the fingers or toes.

Facial

Pertaining to the face.

Frontal

Relating to the forehead or the front part of the head.

Inguinal

Pertaining to the groin region.

Mammary

Referring to the breasts.

Mental

Relating to the chin.

Olecranal

Pertaining to the elbow.

Ocular

Related to the eyes.

Patellar

Referring to the knee.

Plantar

Pertaining to the sole of the foot.

Pubic

Relating to the pubis or pubic region.

Sural

Referring to the calf region of the lower leg.

Thoracic

Pertaining to the chest area.

Acromial

Referring to the shoulder region.

Antecubital

Pertaining to the anterior aspect of the elbow.

Axillary

Relating to the armpit region.

Buccal

Pertaining to the cheek.

Cephalic

Relating to the head.

Coxal

Pertaining to the hip.

Crural

Referring to the leg, specifically the area between the knee and the ankle.

Dorsal

Pertaining to the back.

Femoral

Related to the thigh.

Gluteal

Pertaining to the buttock region.

Lumbar

Relating to the lower back.

Manual

Referring to the hand.

Nasal

Pertaining to the nose.

Oral

Referring to the mouth.

Palmar

Pertaining to the palm of the hand.

Pelvic

Relating to the pelvis.

Popliteal

Referring to the area behind the knee.

Sacrum

The triangular bone at the base of the spine, forming the posterior part of the pelvis.

Tarsal

Pertaining to the ankle.

Umbilical

Relating to the navel or belly button.

Calcaneal

Pertaining to the heel bone or the area of the heel.