Unit 3 Public Health

What is the “veil of ignorance”?

Designing society without knowing your place in it

Health disparities are best defined as:

Preventable differences in health outcomes across groups

Health equity means:

Fair distribution based on need, not sameness

Market justice emphasizes:

Individual responsibility and minimal government role

Distributive justice focuses on:

Fair distribution of wealth and resources

Social justice focuses on:

Fair distribution of opportunities, power, and privilege

Which group most commonly experiences health disparities?

Nonwhite, low-income populations

Redlining primarily led to:

Denial of loans in communities of color, impacting health

A stressful job is best described as one with:

High demand and low control over decisions

The Whitehall study showed:

Higher job rank = better health outcomes

COVID-19 disparities were largely caused by:

Exposure risk, housing, and healthcare access differences

Epidemiologic transition refers to:

Shift from infectious to chronic disease causes of death

The correct order of epidemiologic transition stages is:

Pestilence → Receding Pandemics → Degenerative disease

Leading causes of death in 1900 included:

Pneumonia and tuberculosis

Leading causes of death today include:

Heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury

Compression of morbidity means:

Shorter period of illness before death due to longer life expectancy

Smoking harms health primarily through:

Chemical toxins from combustion and processing

Second-hand smoke exposure causes:

Serious respiratory and cardiovascular disease risk

The 1965 Cigarette Labeling Act required:

Warning labels on cigarette packs

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act (1971) banned:

TV and radio cigarette ads

Price increases in cigarettes usually lead to:

Lower smoking rates

Social access refers to:

Peer and environmental exposure to tobacco use norms

Counter-marketing means:

Anti-smoking campaigns to reduce use

MAPPS includes all EXCEPT:

Motivation

Combustible cigarettes differ from vaping because vaping:

Uses aerosol instead of combustion

A known health risk of vaping is:

Lung damage and nicotine addiction risk

Juul products differed because they:

Used high nicotine salt concentrations and sleek design

A “dual user” is someone who:

Uses both vaping and cigarettes

Harm reduction in vaping means:

Reducing harm compared to smoking cigarettes, not eliminating risk entirely

Obesity rates in the U.S. over 40 years have:

Increased significantly

Adiposity refers to:

Body fat composition

Central obesity is fat stored:

Around abdominal organs

An obesogenic environment is one that:

Promotes weight gain through environment and lifestyle factors

A food desert is:

Area lacking access to full-service grocery stores

A food swamp is:

Overabundance of unhealthy food options

SNAP is:

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program providing food support

CDC guidelines for adults recommend:

150 min moderate or 75 min vigorous weekly + strength training

About what % of adults meet activity guidelines?

25%

Socioeconomic status affects physical activity due to:

Safety, access, and neighborhood design

Full-term pregnancy occurs at:

39–41 weeks

Low birth weight is:

<5 lbs 8 oz

Ideal interpregnancy interval is:

18–24 months

Preconception care focuses on:

Health before pregnancy occurs

A health disparity is best defined as:

Preventable differences in health outcomes or access between groups

Which is an example of a health disparity related to a leading cause of death?

Higher heart disease rates in low-income populations due to limited access to care and healthy food

What does MAPPS stand for?

Media, Access, Price, Point of Decision, Social Support

Which is an example of “Media” in MAPPS for tobacco prevention?

Truth Initiative anti-smoking ads

Which is an example of “Access” in MAPPS for nutrition?

Building grocery stores in food deserts

Which is an example of “Price” in MAPPS?

Cigarette taxes increasing cost to reduce smoking rates

Which is an example of “Point of Decision”?

Menu calorie labeling influencing food choice at restaurants

Which is an example of “Social Support”?

Quitlines and group support programs for smoking cessation

The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1965) required:

Warning labels on cigarette packs

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act (1971) did what?

Banned TV and radio cigarette advertisements

The Family Smoking Prevention & Tobacco Control Act (2009) allowed the FDA to:

Regulate tobacco products and require ingredient disclosure

The Master Settlement Agreement was between:

States and major tobacco companies

One major outcome of the MSA was:

Restrictions on tobacco advertising and marketing practices

Which was PROHIBITED by the MSA?

Cartoon characters in ads (e.g., Joe Camel)

A key program created as a result of the MSA was:

Truth Initiative anti-smoking campaign

The FDA “public health standard” requires that a new tobacco product:

Must be appropriate for the protection of public health overall

An obesogenic environment is one that:

Encourages weight gain through environmental factors

A food desert is:

Area lacking access to full-service grocery stores

A food swamp is:

Area with high concentration of unhealthy food options

A strategy to reduce food deserts is:

Incentivize grocery stores to open in underserved areas

A strategy to reduce food swamps is:

Limit fast food concentration or increase taxes on unhealthy food businesses

Preconception care focuses on:

Health before pregnancy occurs

Prenatal care refers to:

Care during pregnancy to monitor mother and baby health

An example of preconception care is:

Folic acid supplementation before pregnancy

An example of prenatal care is:

Genetic screening during pregnancy

One key ACA improvement was:

Allowing young adults to stay on parents’ insurance until age 26

The ACA protects people with pre-existing conditions by:

Preventing denial of insurance coverage based on health status

The ACA required insurance plans to include:

Essential health benefits like preventive and mental health services